​​《论语·第十二章》颜渊篇 -英语翻译教程-中英双语赏析

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颜渊问仁,子曰:“克己复礼为仁。一日克己复礼,天下归仁焉。为仁由己,而由人乎哉?”颜渊曰:“请问其目?”子曰:“非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动。”颜渊曰:“回虽不敏,请事斯语矣。”

Yan Yuan asked about benevolence. The Master said,“A benevolent man will control himself in conformity with the rules of propriety. Once every man can control himself in conformity with the rules of propriety, the world will be in good order. Benevolence depends on oneself, not on others.”Yan Yuan asked about the details. The Master said, “Do not look at anything nor listen to anything nor speak of anything nor do anything against the rules of propriety.” Then Yan Yuan said, “Dull as I am, I would put your instruction into practice.”

🎈克己复礼为仁。这句话许在翻译时转换为:仁者克己复礼,即A benevolent man will…。同时,「复」是动词,但译文处理为介词短语in conformity with…,注意翻译时词性的转换。

🎈而由人乎哉?反问句,许译直接处理为陈述句。

🎈非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动。翻译时合并同类项「非礼」,只译一次为against the rules of propriety

🎈回虽不敏,请事斯语矣。Dull as I am, I would put your instruction into practice. as引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构,如:Small as it is, an atom can still be seen.

仲弓问仁,子曰:“出门如见大宾,使民如承大祭。己所不欲,勿施于人。在邦无怨,在家无怨。”仲弓曰:“雍虽不敏,请事斯语矣。”

Zhong Gong asked about benevolence. The Master said,“Behave out-of-doors as if you were before a very important person. Serve the people as if you were attending a very important sacrificical service. Do not do to others what you would not have others do to you. Do nothing to bring a complaint against you at home or abroad.” Zhong Gong said, “Dull as I am, I would put your instruction into practice.”

🎈出门如见大宾,Behave out-of-doors as if you were before a very important person. as if或as though 引导的方式状语从句中,若从句内容并非现实,需用虚拟语气。

🎈在邦无怨,在家无怨。翻译时合并同类项,即在邦、在家都无怨。

司马牛问仁,子曰:“仁者,其言也讱。”曰:“其言也讱,斯谓之仁已乎?”子曰:“为之难,言之得无讱乎?”

Sima Niu asked about benevolence. The Master said,“A benevolent man is cautious in speaking.”Sima Niu said, “Is it benevolence to be cautious only in speaking?” The Master said, “Could a benevolent man not be cautious in speaking when he finds it difficult to put what he says into practice?”

🎈仁者,其言也讱。A benevolent man is cautious in speaking.注意be cautious in speaking这样的表达,即be+品质形容词+in+某个方面。如:敏于行:be prompt in action

🎈为之难,言之得无讱乎?无主语句,翻译时需补出主语,根据上文可知主语是a benevolent man

司马牛问君子,子曰:“君子不忧不惧。”曰:“不忧不惧,斯谓之君子已乎?”子曰:“内省不疚,夫何忧何惧?”

Sima Niu asked about an intelligentleman. The Master said,“An intelligentleman has no worry and no fear.” Sima Niu said, “Can he be an intelligentleman, who simply has no worry and no fear?” The Master said, “If a man finds nothing wrong on looking within himself, what is there to worry about and to fear?”

🎈君子不忧不惧。这里「忧」「惧」是动词,许译处理为名词形式,通过have引出,即has no worry and no fear,注意词性的转换。

司马牛忧曰:“人皆有兄弟,我独亡。”子夏曰:“商闻之矣:死生有命,富贵在天。君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内皆兄弟也。君子何患乎无兄弟也?”

Sima Niu said worriedly,“Other men have brothers, but I have none.” Zi Xia said, “I have heard that life and death are decided by fate, and wealth and honor depend on Heaven. A cultured man will respect others and will not go beyond what is right. If he is respectful and observes the rules of propriety, then all men within the four seas will be fraternal to him. Why need he worry about having no brothers?”

🎈死生有命,富贵在天。这里的「有」「在」都表示:由…决定,译文处理为be decided by…; depend on…

🎈君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼,四海之内皆兄弟也。「君子敬而无失,与人恭而有礼」是「四海之内皆兄弟也」的条件,因此用if引出。在翻译时要注意先理解原文句间暗含的逻辑关系。

子张问明,子曰:“浸润之谮,肤受之愬,不行焉,可谓明也已矣;浸润之谮、肤受之愬不行焉,可谓远也已矣。”

Zi Zhang asked about clear sight. The Master said,“Invulnerable to soaking slander and burning pain, one may be said to be clear-sighted. Proof against soaking slander and burning pain, one may be said to be longsighted.”

🎈浸润之谮,肤受之愬,不行焉,可谓明也已矣。无主语句,翻译时补出泛指主语one

🎈这句话中,「不行焉」用invulnerable to…和proof against…译出,同义替换。

🎈可谓,我们之前在解析中也讲解过,可以处理为somebody may be said to …,这里可用直接套用。

子贡问政,子曰:“足食,足兵,民信之矣。”子贡曰:“必不得已而去,于斯三者何先?”曰:“去兵。”子贡曰:“必不得已而去,于斯二者何先?”曰:“去食。自古皆有死,民无信不立。”

Zi Gong asked about the art of ruling. The Master said,“A country must have enough food, enough forces, and faith of the people.” Zi Gong said, “Which of the three may be dispensed with if obliged to?” The Master said, “Military forces.” Zi Gong asked, “Which of the two remaining may be dispensed with if obliged to?”The Master said, “Food. Though people will die without food, yet it is so since the olden days. But without the faith of the people, a country cannot stand.”

🎈足食,足兵,民信之矣。这句话译文用一个谓语动词have统领三个宾语(food, forces, faith)。且该句为无主语句,翻译时需补出主语。

🎈必不得已而去,于斯三者何先?该句中,“必不得已而去”是“于斯三者何先”的假设/前提条件,因此翻译时通过if引出。

棘子成曰:“君子质而已矣,何以文为?”子贡曰:“惜乎,夫子之说君子也!驷不及舌。文犹质也,质犹文也。虎豹之鞟犹犬羊之鞟。”

Ji Zi Cheng said,“What a cultured man needs is only the inner matter. What is the use of the outer manner?” Zi Gong said, “It is a pity that you should have said that! Four steeds cannot overtake your words. The manner is as important as the matter and the matter is as important as the manner. If a tiger had not its yellow skin and black stripes or a leopard had not its yellowish coat and dark spots, what is the difference between their hide and the sheepskin?”

🎈质,the inner matter;文,the outer manner。许译将质、文分别译文matter、manner,达到了意美与音美的统一。

🎈何以文为?What is the use of the outer manner? 这里可以积累一个句型,何以……为?What is the use of …?

🎈译文中,It is a pity that you should have said that! 这里should不是表示应该,而是表示说话人的感情,如惊奇、愤怒、失望等。如:I am shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(表惊奇)

哀公问于有若曰:“年饥,用不足,如之何?”有若对曰:“盍彻乎?”曰:“二,吾犹不足,如之何其彻也?”对曰:“百姓足,君孰与不足?百姓不足,君孰与足?”

Duke Ai inquired of Master You, saying,“In the year of famine, the state has not enough for its needs. What can I do?” Master You said, “Why not tithe the people?” The duke said, “With two-tenths I have not enough, What could I do with one-tenth?” Master You said, “If the people have enough, the prince will not be in want. If the people are in want, how can the prince have enough?”

🎈用不足。谁的用不足?翻译时注意补出真正的主语。

🎈君孰与不足?反问句,译文直接处理为陈述句the prince will not be in want

子张问崇德、辨惑,子曰:“主忠信,徙义,崇德也。爱之欲其生,恶之欲其死;既欲其生又欲其死,是惑也。‘诚不以富,亦祗以异。’”

Zi Zhang asked how to promote virtue and solve a dilemma. The Master said, “Be sincere and faithful and follow what is right, that is the way to promote virtue. If you love a man and wish him to live, and then hate him and wish him to die, you are in a dilemma.” It is said in the Book of Odes: “I can’t bear your disdain, So I go back with pain, ” (Disdain shows your hate and pain reveals your love.)

🎈爱之欲其生,恶之欲其死;既欲其生又欲其死,是惑也。这里“既欲其生又欲其死”实际上是概括重复前文的“爱之欲其生,恶之欲其死”,因此翻译时可进行省译,不影响句意。

齐景公问政于孔子,孔子对曰:“君君,臣臣,父父,子子。”公曰:“善哉!信如君不君、臣不臣、父不父、子不子,虽有粟,吾得而食诸?”

Duke Jing of the State of Qi asked about the art of ruling. The Master said, “In a country the prince should be a prince, the minister a minister, the father a father, the son a son.” The duke said, “How true it is! If prince, minister, father, son do not do their duty, how can I enjoy my revenue though I have plenty?”

🎈In a country the prince should be a prince, the minister (should be) a minister, the father(should be) a father, the son (should be) a son. 后面几个分句都省略了should be

🎈君不君、臣不臣、父不父、子不子,译文在翻译时合并翻译「不君」「不臣」「不父」「不子」为do not do their duty

子曰:“片言可以折狱者,其由也与?”子路无宿诺。

The Master said,“It is Zi Lu who could settle a lawsuit with half a word.” Zi Lu did not put off what he had promised till the next day.

🎈It is … who… 强调句句型。

子曰:“听讼,吾犹人也。必也使无讼乎。”

As a judge in the court, said the Master, I am no better than other judges. But I would like nobody to go to law.

🎈听讼,As a judge in the court,这里“听讼”是动词形式,许译处理为名词形式a judge。实际上这种转换手法我们在前面几章的讲解中已经有提到过,如:我唱歌很好(I am a good singer);他迟到了(He is a latecomer)

子张问政,子曰:“居之无倦,行之以忠。”

Zi Zhang asked about the art of ruling. The Master said,“Be indefatigable in office and sincere in practice.”

🎈Be indefatigable in office and sincere in practice.注意 be+品质形容词+in+某个方面 这个表达方式。

子曰:“博学于文,约之以礼,亦可以弗畔矣夫。”

A cultured man, said the Master, if wide read in literature and restrained by the rites, would not overstep what is right.

🎈无主语句,翻译时需补出主语。

🎈博学于文,约之以礼,亦可以弗畔矣夫。「博学于文,约之以礼」是「亦可以弗畔矣夫」的前提条件,因此通过if来引出。A cultured man, said the Master, if (he is) wide read in literature and restrained by the rites, would not overstep what is right. 同时译文中if后面省略了he is,这种省略手法我们在前面几章的讲解中也多次提及,在以if, when, though, although, as, as if等连词引导的从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句谓语有be动词,可将从句主语和be动词省略。

子曰:“君子成人之美,不成人之恶;小人反是。”

A cultured man, said the Master, will help others in doing good, not in doing wrong. An uncultured man will do the contrary.

🎈成人之美,不成人之恶,翻译时合并同类项「成人」为help others,再通过in引出不同方面(美、恶),即help others in doing good, not in doing wrong

季康子问政于孔子,孔子对曰:“政者,正也。子帅以正,孰敢不正?”

Ji Kang Zi asked Confucius about the art of ruling. Confucius said, “To rule is to do what is right. If the ruler only does what is right, how dare the ruled do wrong?”

🎈何敢… …?孰敢… …?How dare somebody do something?

季康子患盗,问于孔子。孔子对曰:“苟子之不欲,虽赏之不窃。”

Troubled by the thieves, Ji Kang Zi asked Confucius how to do away with them. Confucius replied, “If you were not covetous, none would steal even if paid to.”

🎈季康子患盗,问于孔子。这句话中有两个谓语,患、问。许译将「患盗」处理为非谓语作状语(Troubled by the thieves)

🎈虽赏之不窃。我们可能会译为They would not steal even if they are paid to steal. 许译处理为none would steal even if (they are) paid to. 这里有几点可以学习。

1.将否定前移,「不窃」转换为「没有人会偷窃」,即none would…

2.even if 后面省略了they are

3.paid to后面省略了steal,避免与前文重复

季康子问政于孔子曰:“如杀无道以就有道,何如?”孔子对曰:“子为政,焉用杀?子欲善而民善矣。君子之德风,小人之德草,草上之风必偃。”

Asking about the art of ruling, Ji Kang Zi said to Confucius,“What do you think of killing the evil-doer to protect the good people?”Confucius replied,“Why should you kill to rule? If you rule in the right way, people will be good. The relation between the ruler and the ruled is like that between the wind and the grass. When the wind blows, the grass will bend down.”

🎈君子之德风,小人之德草,草上之风必偃。这句话翻译时需要先理解原文的意思,然后基于原文意思进行再写作(翻译在某种程度上也是一个写作的过程)

子张问:“士何如斯可谓之达矣?”子曰:“何哉尔所谓达者?”子张对曰:“在邦必闻,在家必闻。”子曰:“是闻也,非达也。夫达也者,质直而好义,察言而观色,虑以下人。在邦必达,在家必达。夫闻也者,色取仁而行违,居之不疑。在邦必闻,在家必闻。”

Zi Zhang asked,“How can an intellectual be influential?” The Master said, “What do you mean by‘influential’?” Zi Zhang replied, “To be wellknown in the state and in the house of his lord.” The Master said, “Then what you mean is renown, not influence. An influential man should do and love what is right. He should examine the people’s countenance and observe their expressions, and think of others before himself. Then he will be influential in the state and in the house of his lord. A man of renown may appear good but do the contrary. He may think of himself before others without doubting about himself. So he becomes only wellknown in the state and in the house of his lord.”

🎈在邦必闻,在家必闻。翻译时合并同类项“必闻”,即在邦、在家都必闻。

🎈色取仁。色,名词,通过动词appear译出。即appear good

樊迟从游于舞雩之下,曰:“敢问崇德、修慝、辨惑。”子曰:“善哉问!先事后得,非崇德与?攻其恶,无攻人之恶,非修慝与?一朝之忿,忘其身,以及其亲,非惑与?”

Fan Chi asked the Master while taking a walk with him at Rain Altar, “May I venture to ask how to promote virtue, amend faults and distinguish right from wrong?” The Master said, “Good questions! If you do your work before you get your reward, is it not to promote virtue? If you criticize your own shortcomings instead of those of others, is it not to amend your faults? If you are outrageous beyond yourself in a fit of anger, to the detriment of your parents, can you distinguish right from wrong?”

🎈先事后得,you do your work before you get your reward。这里注意before的用法。先A后B,you do A before you do B(在做B之前做A,即先A后B)

🎈非崇德与?is it not to promote virtue? 反问句译法,Is it not…?

樊迟问仁,子曰:“爱人。”问知,子曰:“知人。”樊迟未达,子曰:“举直错诸枉,能使枉者直。”樊迟退,见子夏,曰:“乡也吾见于夫子而问知,子曰:‘举直错诸枉,能使枉者直’,何谓也?”子夏曰:“富哉言乎!舜有天下,选于众,举皋陶,不仁者远矣。汤有天下,选于众,举伊尹,不仁者远矣。”

Fan Chi asked about a good ruler. The Master said,“A good ruler loves the ruled.” Fan Chi asked about a wise ruler. The Master said,“A wise ruler knows the ruled.” Fan Chi did not quite understand. The Master said, “Put the straight above the crooked, the crooked will be straightened.” Fan Chi withdrew and said to Zi Xia, “I have just asked our Master about the wise ruler, our Master said, ‘Put the straight above the crooked, the crooked will be straightened.’ What does he mean?” Zi Xia said, “How rich in meaning his words are! When Shun ruled over the country, he selected Gao Tao as his minister and those who were not good were kept away. When Tang ruled over the country, he selected Yi Yin as his minister, and those who were not good were kept away.”

🎈举直错诸枉,Put the straight above the crooked。直,the straight;枉,the crooked。the+adj.表示一类人。

🎈富哉言乎!How rich in meaning his words are! 注意感叹句译法,How+adj.+主语+谓语!

🎈舜有天下,选于众,举皋陶,不仁者远矣。When Shun ruled over the country, … 注意这里「舜有天下」在译文中是通过When引出的,我们在前面也提到过,中文中很少直接出现“当……时”,但是却暗含这层意思,我们在理解原文时则需要判断是否有这层意思,是否可以通过when+从句来译出。

子贡问友,子曰:“忠告而善道之,不可则止,毋自辱焉。”

Zi Gong asked how to make friends. The Master said,“Give earnest advice in good terms. Stop if it is rejected, lest you be insulted.”

🎈lest you (should) be insulted,这里是虚拟语气,lest, in case, for fear that,表「以防,万一,唯恐」,其引导状语从句常用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形,lest, for fear that从句中should可以省去。

🎈重点表达

克己复礼control himself in conformity with the rules of propriety

其言也讱be cautious in speaking

不忧不惧have no worry or fear

内省不疚find nothing wrong on looking within himself

富贵在天wealth and honor depend on heaven

四海之内皆兄弟也all men within the four seas are all fraternal to him

一言既出,驷马难追。Four steeds cannot overtake your words

居之无倦be indefatigable in office

行之以忠be sincere in practice

博学于文,约之以礼be wide read in literature and restrained by the rites

未经允许不得转载:帕布莉卡 » ​​《论语·第十二章》颜渊篇 -英语翻译教程-中英双语赏析

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