In addition to the significant health benefits, tobacco control measures can also contribute to other important policy objectives – in particular poverty alleviation.🎈译文省译了原文中两处“…的实现”，汉语中有大量的范畴词，比如“任务”“情况”“局面”，还有这里的“实现”，这些词大多没有实质性内容，在汉译英时可以省略不译。吸烟相关的医疗卫生支出和过早死亡或残疾，增加了人群，尤其是贫困人群和教育程度较低人群因病致贫的风险。Smoking-related health-care costs and premature mortality or disability increase the risk of impoverishment, particularly among the poor and less educated.因此，减少烟草消费的烟草控制政策事实上可以减轻贫困。Thus, tobacco control policies that reduce consumption can actually alleviate poverty.🎈首先注意单复数问题，颁布的“烟草控制政策”肯定不止一条，所以应该用“policies”。其次，“减少烟草消费的”这一部分可以处理为定语从句，跟在tobacco control policies后面。本报告委托开展的模型分析估算了通过实施强有力的烟草控制政策、特别是提高消费税和无烟工作场所政策，可能避免的因病致贫人数和灾难性医疗支出。Modelling commissioned for this report estimated possible cases of impoverishment and catastrophic medical expenditures averted by stronger tobacco control policies, specifically excise tax increases and a smoke-free workplace policy.🎈先来分析原文的主干信息，即“模型分析估算了因病致贫人数和灾难性医疗支出”，这部分信息对应到译文就是Modelling estimated possible cases of impoverishment and catastrophic medical expenditures，“本报告委托开展的”这一限定信息，处理为过去分词，作modelling的后置定语，而中间这部分信息“通过实施强有力的烟草控制政策…避免…”，在翻译时化主动为被动，即“（因病致贫人数和灾难性医疗支出）通过…被避免”，译为“averted by…”跟在possible cases of impoverishment and catastrophic medical expenditures后。计算可能避免的因病致贫人数时，采用个人模拟收入为每天1.25美元（国际贫困线）以上，但在支付烟草相关疾病治疗费用后，年净收入降至每天1.25美元以下。Averted cases of medical impoverishment were calculated as individuals for whom the simulated income was above USS 1.25 per day (the international poverty threshold) but whose annual net income would have decreased to less than US$ 1.25 per day after paying for tobacco-related disease treatment. 🎈这一句主要介绍了计算因病致贫人数的标准，译文的主干句是Averted cases of medical impoverishment were calculated as individuals …，两个定语从句for whom…和whose annual net income …修饰individuals，用来说明，计算在内的个人需要满足的条件。计算可能避免的灾难性支出时，采用个人避免的医疗总支出占其模拟家庭消费支出的10%或以上。Averted cases of catastrophic expenditures were calculated as individuals for whom the averted medical expenses would have totaled 10% or more of their simulated household consumption expenditures.🎈这句话的译文结构和上句话相同。根据我们的模型分析结果，将中国目前的卷烟零售价提高50%，50年内，可避免800万人沦于贫困，避免1300万项灾难性医疗支出，主要受益对象是贫困人群。According to our modelling, increasing the current retail price of cigarettes in China by 50% would avert 8 million cases of impoverishment and 13 million cases of catastrophic medical expenditures over 50 years, primarily among the poor. 提税程度越大，受益越明显。And the greater the tax increase; the greater the benefits. 例如，消费税提高75%，可避免近1200万起因病致贫和2000万起灾难性医疗支出的发生，而且，较低收入群体获益最为明显。For example, increasing the excise tax by 75% would increase the benefits by preventing almost 12 million impoverishments and 20 million catastrophic medical expenditures, with the greatest share of the benefits concentrated among lower-income groups.Q：为什么要增译increase the benefits？🎈译文中增译increase the benefits这部分信息，是为了和“较低收入群体获益最为明显”相呼应。“较低收入群体获益最为明显”的意思是指，提高消费税会使人们普遍获益，其中较低收入群体获益最为明显。Q：为什么要省译“…的发生”？🎈“…的发生”没有实际意义，在汉译英时可以不译。🔥重点表达减轻贫困：poverty alleviation过早死亡或残疾：premature mortality or disability灾难性医疗支出：catastrophic medical expenditures模拟家庭消费支出：simulated household consumption expenditures较低收入群体：lower-income groups🔥表达对比spending • expenditure • expenses • outlay • outgoings以上各词均指政府、机构或个人的开支、支出、花费。① coststhe total amount of money that needs to be spent by a business 指成本：例如：labour/production costs 人工╱生产成本② spendingthe amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or an organization 尤指政府或机构的开支、支出、花销：例如：public spending 公共开支③ expenditure( rather formal ) an amount of money spent by a government, an organization or a person 指政府、机构或个人的开支、支出、花费：例如：expenditure on education 教育费用④ expensesmoney that has to be spent by a person or an organization; money that you spend while you are working which your employer will pay back to you later 指个人或机构必需的开支、花费或报销的费用：例如：legal expenses 律师费、travel expenses 差旅费⑤ outlaythe money that you have to spend in order to start a new business or project, or in order to save yourself money or time later 指必要的开支、费用：例如：The best equipment is costly but is well worth the outlay.最好的设备花费大，但这种开支很值得。⑥ outgoingsthe regular costs that a person or business has, such as rent and electricity指个人或企业的经常性费用或开支，如房租、电费等
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