Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.驯象有两种主要的方法，我们分别称之为强硬法和温柔法。🎈被用来… be used for …例句This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.这样的一来就增加了政府的开支，从而相应地减少了可以用来发展国家的那部分经济资源。🎈respectively adv. 各自，分别 respective adj. 各自的，分别的respectable adj. 体面的，正派的respected adj. 受敬仰的，有名望的respectful adj. 尊敬的，尊重的respecting prep. 关于… = concerning / regarding例句在这篇有关科学家的文章中，作者特别尊重那些不但是体面正派的公民，而且在各自的领域中都深受敬仰的专家。In the article respecting scientists, the writer is particularly respectful of those who are not only respectable citizens, but respected experts in their respective fields.The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.强硬法就是驱象去干活，把它打顺从为止。🎈让某人工作（尤指对方不情愿的情况下）set sb. to work (doing sth.)例句I’ve set them to work clearing out the garage.我打发他们去清扫车库了。🎈对某人希望… expect … of sb. 例句The school expects a lot of its students.学校对学生的期望值很高。Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.且不说道义问题，这本身就是一种愚蠢的训练方法，因为这种方法训练会使动物反感，在以后某个时期可能会变成伤人的动物。🎈apart from / aside form 1. 除了=except for例句Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.2. 除了…（还…）=besides例句Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger（匕首）, the box was full of crockery（陶器）, much of it broken.3.脱离开…=separate from例句He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird. 例如，他必须抛开鸡蛋作为食物的重要性和会成为雏鸟的文学思维，仅仅把鸡蛋看作一个形状。🎈consideration n. [C] 考虑到的事，原因，因素thing that must be thought about or taken into account, reason 出于经济/商贸/环境/实用的原因/考虑economic / commercial / environmental / practical considerations例句Several considerations have influenced my decision.几个因素都影响了我的决定。🎈…的方法 method of / for (doing) sth.🎈（某事）可能（发生或是真的） may / might / could well …例句Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander（诽谤） her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.🎈 turn v. become 变成（不加冠词）例句He has turned traitor.他成为了叛徒。He used to be a teacher till he turned writer. 他曾是一个老师，后来变成了一个作家。The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.温柔法要求在最初阶段保持较大的耐心，但这种方法可以训练出性情愉快、脾气温顺，能忠实为人服务多年的大象。🎈cheerful adj.乐意的，肯干的；快乐的，高兴的一名肯干的工人a cheerful worker咧嘴笑着说道said with a cheerful grin🎈service n. [U or pl.] 工作the work that sb. does for a person or organization, esp. over a long period 对她社区工作的奖赏an award for her services to the communityThe first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job.驯象中至关生要的是指派一名专门的驯象员，全面负责这项工作。🎈assign to the animal …中to the animal属于状语前置，是出于句式平衡的考虑。🎈essential n. [C] 要素，要点，必需品fundamentally necessary element or thing 英语语法要点the essentials of English grammar事物、水和其他必需品food, water, and other essentialsElephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.大象和狗一样，喜欢有一个专一的主人，而且会对主人产生相当深厚的私人感情。🎈just as dogs do是方式状语从句（像…一样），其中do相当于like to have one master。🎈affection n. 感情，柔情，喜爱a feeling of liking for a person or place affectionate adj. 有感情的，充满柔情的There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.甚至有这样的故事：由于不可避免的情况与他们的主人分离后，训练了一半的小象，竟拒绝吃食，消瘦至死。🎈feed vi.吃东西，进食 vt.喂养以…为食 feed on… [主语是动物]喂养… feed….🎈pine v. 痛苦，伤心（尤指因生离死别）be very unhappy, esp. because sb. has died or gone away 例句Six months after he left, she was still pining.他逝去六个月了，她还是很伤心。🎈by表示原因：因为犯错/偶然做某事do sth. by mistake / accident例句I succeeded by good fortune.我能成功都是靠运气。Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.这种极端的事例虽不可全信，但强调了一项基本原则，象和驯象员之间的关系是驯象成功与否的关键。🎈that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training是the general principle的同位语从句。🎈怀疑…的真实性或价值/ 有保留地相信或接受…take sth. with a grain / pinch of salt 例句Most of what he says should be taken with a pinch of salt.他的许多话的真实性都有待考证/怀疑。🎈师生关系 the relationship between teacher and student母子间的冲突the conflict between mother and son复习：2个名词成对出现，名词前不加冠词🎈是…的关键be / hold the key to …例句Working well as a team is the key to success.团队合作是成功的关键。The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between 15 and 20 years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.捕捉15至20岁之间年龄的大象进行驯象最为经济，这个年龄的象差不多已能干重活，可以很快挣回饲养它的开支。🎈可以…be ready to do sth. 例句The contract will be ready to sign in two weeks. 合同两周后就可以签署了。The computer is now set up and ready to use. 现在电脑设置好了，可以使用了。🎈keep n. [U] 生活费the cost of providing food and a home for someone 赚回生活费earn sb.’s keep 例句It’s time you got a job and started earning your keep.你该找工作挣生活费了。其中got是虚拟语气，表示还没做但该做🎈straight away adv. 立刻，马上immediately 例句I knew straight away it was a bad injury. 我马上就知道了这个伤很严重。But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages.但这个年龄的象不易驯服，因此开始阶段需要有一位强有力的老手。🎈hand n. 某方面的能手a person skilled in a particular action or pursuit例句She was a fabulous hand at embroidery.她在刺绣方面是个能手。The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.捕来拴在树上的大象，每当有人走近它时，就会向前猛冲并发出尖叫，甚至一连几于都由于愤怒和恐惧而拒绝进食。🎈still roped to a tree是插入语。through anger and fear是原因状语。🎈plunge v. 猛冲或突然落下to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards 例句He plunged toward the door and wrenched it open.他猛冲冲去，一把拉开了门。🎈through prep. 因为，由于……例句We missed the plane through being held up on the motorway.我们没赶上飞机是因为在高速公路上耽搁了。Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food.有时，把一头已驯服的象拴在旁边能给野象以信心。在大多数情况下，刚博来的象会慢慢静下来，接着开始吃食。🎈tame adj. 驯化的a tame animal or bird is not wild any longer, because it has been trained to live with people 🎈tether v. 把动物拴住to tie an animal to a post so that it can only move around within a limited area 例句He tethered his horse to a tree.他把马拴到了树上。🎈quieten v.（使）平静些, 安静些安静下来quieten down使哭闹的婴儿安静下来quieten a screaming baby例句The chatter gradually quietened.叽叽喳喳的声音慢慢安静下来了。The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.下一步就是把象带到训练场所，这是一件棘手的事，需要在它两侧拴上两头驯服的大象才能完成。🎈a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side是to get the elephant to the training establishment的同位语。roped to the captive on either side是tame elephants的后置定语。🎈get v. 把…弄到（某地）to make sth. or sb. move to a different place or position, esp. with some difficulty例句I couldn’t get the disk out of the computer.我拿不出电脑里的磁盘。Could you help me get the wardrobe up the stairs?你能帮我把衣柜弄上楼吗？🎈establishment n. [C] 公司、机构或其场所a business or other organization, or the place where it operates 一个教育/金融/宗教机构 a / an educational / financial / religious establishment一个顶级培训机构a top class training establishment🎈ticklish adj. 1. 怕痒的2 难解决的，需小心处理的例句I’m terribly ticklish.我超级怕痒。棘手的问题a ticklish question处境很难处理in a ticklish situationWhen several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.几只象同时训练时，通常是把新到的安置在两头训练得很好的大象的象厩中间。🎈at one time 1.同时 2.过去，以前例句You’re trying to do too many things at one time.At one time(从前) she wanted to be a nurse, but the thought of working at night put her off.🎈customary adj. 合乎习俗的，依照习俗的，习惯上的according to custom, usual …符合习俗/大家都这么做it is customary (for sb.) to do sth.例句Is it customary to tip hairdressers in this country?这个国家的人都习惯给理发师小费吗？🎈arrival n. [C] 到达的人或物person or thing that arrives 例句Late arrivals must wait in the foyer.迟到的人必须在门厅等待。We’re expecting a new arrival in the family soon.我们期待家庭新成员的降临。🎈stall n. 牲畜棚中的一栏an enclosed area in a building for an animal such as a horse or cow 例句All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little.所有牛都被带进了牲畜棚，我们并没有遭受什么损失。It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.然后给它以充足的食物和水，一定不要惊扰它，以便让他能适应新居的气氛，并且看到自己的同伴身上没有发生让自己担惊受怕的事。🎈leave v. 使或让…处于某状态例句Leave your sister alone.别去打扰你的姐姐。/让你姐姐自己待着。让…出于未（被）…的状态 leave+ un-开头的形容词例句It’s better to leave some things unsaid.有些事还是不说为好。Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered.如果我没回答你的一些问题，请原谅我。🎈absorb v. 理解，接受，熟悉to take sth. into the mind and learn or understand it 例句It took me several days to absorb the fact of her death.我花了好几天才接受了他死亡的事实。When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point.当它进食正常了，训练就开始。驯练员手持一根有锋利金属尖头的长棒，站在象前。🎈in front of the elephant是地点状语。holding a long stick with a sharp metal point是非谓语动词做伴随状语。Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.两位助手骑在驯服的象的背上，从两侧控制新捕的象，其他人唱着单调的歌声用手抚摸象的皮肤。🎈mount v. 1.登上2.将某物固定住（以备使用、展示或研究）3.逐渐增加（常与to搭配表示“增加到…”）4.（使）骑上马等例句He mounted the platform and addressed the crowd.他登台演讲。Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon.三层火炮的甲板上固定了64门青铜大炮。He quickly mounted his horse and rode away.他快速上马，离开了。He mounted the boy on the horse.他让这个男孩上了马。🎈accompaniment n. 伴奏；伴随物to the accompaniment of sth. 1. 在…的伴奏之下 2.在……发生时，在……声中例句They performed to the accompaniment of guitars.他们在吉他的伴奏声中表演。She made her speech to the accompaniment of loud laughter.她在大笑声中作了演讲。🎈chant n.一群人反复唱或喊叫的词语，口号words or phrases that a group of people shout or sing again and again例句The team’s supporters sang a victory chant.This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as ‘ho! my son’, or ‘ho! my father,or ‘my mother’, according to the age and sex of the captive.据说这是为了使象产生愉快的感觉，为了加强这种效果，人们还按象的年龄性别，给以亲切的外号，如“嗬！我的孩子”、“嗬！我的爸爸”、“嗬！我的妈妈”。🎈be supposed to do sth. 1. 据说，据称 2. 应该；本该 例句The castle is supposed to be haunted.据说这个城堡闹鬼。The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we’ve postponed it.这场会议本该周二召开，但我们推迟了。🎈sensation n. 1.轰动引起轰动cause a sensation例句News of his arrest caused a sensation.n. 2.感觉（尤指触觉）例句One sign of a heart attack is a tingling sensation in the left arm.心脏病发作的一个迹象就是左臂产生刺痛感。🎈 endearing adj. 惹人喜爱的making someone love or like you The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions.然而大象不会立刻被这些讨好的话感动，而往往是用鼻子朝各个方向猛烈地甩动。🎈be susceptible to sth. 1. 易患某病的2. 易受……影响的例句Young people are the most susceptible to advertisements.年轻人最容易受广告影响。🎈blandishment n. [usu pl] (fml.) 谄媚或哄骗的言语和行为flattering or coaxing words and actions 🎈lash v. 猛烈地甩动to move or to move sth. quickly and violently from side to side 例句The crocodile’s tail（鳄鱼的尾巴） was lashing furiously from side to side.These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.训练员要用有锋利金属尖的长棒控制它的这种举动，象鼻子最后疼得卷了起来，以后它就很少用鼻子去进攻了。🎈pointed adj. 尖的having a sharp end 尖下巴a pointed chin尖牙pointed teeth🎈出于…的需要for … purposes 例句These gifts count as income for tax purposes.出于纳税的需要，这些礼物也被算成了收入。🔥必背词汇resentful adj. 怨恨的resent v. 怨恨一个怨恨的表情/愤恨不满的声音a resentful look / expression / voice对…感到气愤resentful of / about / at …例句They seemed to be resentful of our presence there.他们似乎不乐意/不高兴我在这儿。【词根】“sens” / “sent” = to feelresent “re” = back v. 怨恨resentful adj. 怨恨的resentment n. 怨恨sensation n. 轰动；感觉sensational adj. 轰动性的sense n. 感觉，知觉；意义sensitive adj. 敏感的sensual adj. 肉体上的；性感的sentiment n. 情绪，感情sentimentality n. 多愁善感assent “as” / “ad” = to v. & n. 同意，赞成consent “con” = together v. & n. 同意，赞成consensus n. 共识dissent “dis” = apart n. 异议，反对；v. 持异议，不同意presentiment “pre” = before n. 预感，凶兆assign v. 1分配，安排；2指派给某人分配…/把某事安排给某人去做assign sb. sth. / assign sth. to sb.例句The teacher has assigned each of us a different task.= The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.老师给每个孩子布置了不同的作业。指派某人做某事assign sb. to do sth. /assign sb. to sth. 例句British forces have been assigned to help with peacekeeping.英国部队被指派去助力维和。Two senior officers were assigned to the investigation.两个高级长官被指派去进行调查工作。【词根】“sign” = to markassign “as” / “ad” = to v. 分配；指派assignment n. 分配；任务，作业signature n. 签字signify “fy” / “fac” / “fic” = make v. 表示，表明significant adj. 重要的；有意义的significance. n. 重要性；意义consign “con” = together v. 委托，托付；托运consignment n. 委托，托付；托运，托运的货物design “de” = down v. 设计；计划；n. 设计，设计图；计划，方案designate v. 指定，委任；命名designation n. 委任；名称，称呼resign “re” = again v. 辞职；顺从resignation n. 辞职，辞呈；顺从calf n. 小牛或其他大型动物的幼崽（如小象，小长颈鹿，小鲸鱼，小海豹，小海豚等）foal n. 小马，小驴piglet n. 小猪lamb n. 小绵羊kid n. 小山羊fawn n. 小鹿cub n.（狐、熊、狮、虎等的）幼兽kitten n. 小猫puppy n. 小狗chicken n. 小鸡duckling n. 小鸭gosling n. 小鹅larva n. 幼虫infant n. 婴儿underline v. 1在下面划线；2强调，使突出 =underscore例句The names of the winners are underlined in red.获胜者的名字标了红色下划线。This tragic incident underlines the need for immediate action.这个悲剧性的事件强调了立刻采取行动的必要性。【近义词】emphasize / stress /accentuate v. 重读；强调，使突出强调… put / lay emphasis / stress on sth.highlight v. 用荧光笔标出重点；强调，使突出例句Her dress was tightly belted, accentuating the slimness of her waist.她的腰带系的很紧，显得腰很细。Your resume should highlight your skills and achievements.你的简历中应强调个人技能和成就。subservient adj. 屈从的，顺从的屈从于… subservient to …例句The press was accused of being subservient to the government.报界向来屈从于政府。（不敢独立报道）【近义词】submissive adj. 服从的，顺从的obedient adj. 服从的，顺从的law-abiding adj. 守法的守法公民law-abiding citizens例句He was always obedient to his father’s wishes.他对爸爸的话言听计从。soothe v. 使平静，安慰，抚慰soothing adj.安慰性的，令人镇定的【同义词】console v.安慰→consoling adj.安慰性的reassure v. 安慰，使放心→reassuring adj.安慰性的epithet n. 称呼，称号，绰号例句The film is long and dramatic but does not quite earn the epithet ‘epic’.这部电影时长很长，也充满了戏剧性，但并配不上“史诗（影片）”的称号。【词根】“epi”= upon / to / besides / amongepithet “epi”= upon “thet” = put n. 称呼，称号，绰号epitaph “epi”= upon “taph” = tomb n.祭文，悼词，墓志铭epigraph “epi”= upon “graph” = write n. 碑文epitome “epi”= to “tome” = cut n. 梗概，缩影；典型，典范epilogue “epi” = besides “logue” = speech n. 后记，跋；收场白episode “epi” = besides “sode” = coming in n. 插曲，轶事；（电视或广播节目的）一集epidemic “epi” = among “dem” = people n. 传染病的流行🔥重点表达一个怨恨的表情/愤恨不满的声音a resentful look / expression / voice对…感到气愤resentful of / about / at …给某人分配…/把某事安排给某人去做assign sb. sth. / assign sth. to sb.指派某人做某事assign sb. to do sth. /assign sb. to sth.强调… put / lay emphasis / stress on sth.守法公民law-abiding citizens被用来… be used for …让某人工作（尤指对方不情愿的情况下）set sb. to work (doing sth.)对某人希望… expect … of sb. 出于经济/商贸/环境/实用的原因/考虑economic / commercial / environmental / practical considerations…的方法 method of / for (doing) sth.（某事）可能（发生或是真的） may / might / could well …一名肯干的工人a cheerful worker咧嘴笑着说道said with a cheerful grin对她社区工作的奖赏an award for her services to the community英语语法要点the essentials of English grammar事物、水和其他必需品food, water, and other essentials以…为食 feed on… [主语是动物]喂养… feed…因为犯错/偶然做某事do sth. by mistake / accident师生关系 the relationship between teacher and student母子间的冲突the conflict between mother and son是…的关键be / hold the key to …可以…be ready to do sth. 赚回生活费earn sb.’s keep 安静下来quieten down一个教育/金融/宗教机构 a / an educational / financial / religious establishment一个顶级培训机构a top class training establishment棘手的问题a ticklish question处境很难处理in a ticklish situation…符合习俗/大家都这么做it is customary (for sb.) to do sth.引起轰动cause a sensation尖下巴a pointed chin尖牙pointed teeth出于…的需要for … purposes 🔥复盘测试一个怨恨的表情/愤恨不满的声音对…感到气愤给某人分配…/把某事安排给某人去做指派某人做某事强调… 守法公民被用来… 让某人工作（尤指对方不情愿的情况下）对某人希望… 出于经济/商贸/环境/实用的原因/考虑…的方法 （某事）可能（发生或是真的）一名肯干的工人咧嘴笑着说道对她社区工作的奖赏英语语法要点事物、水和其他必需品以…为食 喂养… 因为犯错/偶然做某事师生关系 母子间的冲突是…的关键可以… 赚回生活费安静下来一个教育/金融/宗教机构 一个顶级培训机构棘手的问题处境很难处理…符合习俗/大家都这么做引起轰动尖下巴尖牙出于…的需要
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爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
