《Galileo reborn 伽利略的复生》 -英语翻译教程-中英双语赏析

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Galileo reborn

伽利略的复生

🎈Galileo (1564-1642)：

Italian physicist（物理学家） and astronomer（天文学家）, who initiated the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton. /His main contributions were, in astronomy, the use of the telescope in observation and the discovery of sunspots, lunar mountains and valleys, the four largest satellites of Jupiter（使用望远镜观测并发现了太阳黑子，月球上的环形山、山谷。以及木星最大的四颗卫星）./He discovered that the planets moved around the sun（行星是绕着太阳转的）, which confirmed Copernicus’ theory （哥白尼的日心说）and overthrew Ptolemaic（托勒密的） system of astronomy. /In physics, he discovered the laws of falling bodies（自由落体定律）. In the history of culture, Galileo stands as a symbol of the battle against authority. /He died in 1642. At the same year, the great physicist Isaac Newton（牛顿） was born. As it happened, he died on January 8, 1642, and 300 years later, that is January 8, 1942, another great theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking（霍金） was born.

In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy, but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.

伽利略在世时是激烈论战的中心，但是，自他逝世以来，那场科学上的纷争早已平息了下来， 甚至他和宗教法庭的著名冲突，我们今天也能正确如实地看待。

🎈with the Inquisition作clash的后置定语。in something like its proper perspective是方式状语。

🎈在某人一生之中in / during one’s lifetime

例句

在他短暂的一生中in his short lifetime

一生中最美好/最棒的… sth. of a lifetime / one’s life

例句

一生中最好的机会/经历/假期the chance / experience / vacation of a lifetime / one’s life

🎈Galileo was the centre of violent controversy

激烈辩论中的中心人物.

= Galileo was a highly controversial figure.

🎈早已…，早就… long since …

例句

Spring flowers are long since gone.

春花早已凋零。

🎈宗教法庭 the Inquisition / the Holy Office

英义：a Roman Catholic organization in the past whose aim was to find and punish people who had unacceptable beliefs

🎈估摸着，约莫着，大概something like …

例句

They say creating a work of art is something like giving birth.

他们说创作好的艺术品有点像生孩子。

Something like 50,000 homes are without power.

大概有五千户家庭没有电。

介于…和…之间（的状态）something between … and …

例句

The look on Max’s face was something between puzzlement and anger.

Max脸上的表情有点像疑惑，也有点像气愤。

But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.

但是相比之下，对于科学史家来说，伽利略直到现代才变成了一个新的难题。

🎈only in modern times是only+时间状语的结构，要译作“直到…”。

🎈相比之下 in / by contrast= in / by comparison

🎈问题儿童problem child

1 a child whose behavior is bad 本身行为恶劣

2 a child whose behavior causes problems for other people 其行为给他人造成困扰（此处取第二种释义，指科学史家无法评判伽利略，这给他们带来了难题）

🎈（某人）对于…的看法/观点 one’s/the view of…

某人的看法/观点one’s view

The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.

令人高兴的是，过去对伽利略的看法并不复杂。

🎈delightfully ad.令人高兴的是

delightedly ad.感到高兴地

He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudice and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.

他首先是个实验工作者，他蔑视亚里士多德学派的偏见和空洞的书本知识，他向自然界而不是向古人提出问题，并大胆地得出结论。

🎈冒号起解释作用。句中who…结构的并列类似于毛泽东同志在《纪念白求恩》一文中写的：一个人能力有大小，但只要有这点精神，就是一个高尚的人，一个纯粹的人，一个有道德的人，一个脱离了低级趣味的人，一个有益于人民的人。

A man’s ability may be great or small, but if he has this spirit, he is a man who is noble-minded, who is pure, who is of moral integrity, who is above vulgar interests, and who is of value to the people.

🎈《傲慢与偏见》Pride and Prejudice

对…的偏见prejudice against…

bias against …

bias in favor of / toward(s) …[bias还可指“偏心眼儿，偏好”]

partiality to / toward(s) …

对…有偏见be prejudiced against …

be biased against …

be biased in favor of / toward(s) …

be partial to / toward(s) …

🎈Aristotle（亚里士多德）：Greek philosopher and scientist

He shares with Plato（柏拉图） and Socrates（苏格拉底） the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He is also the tutor of Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）./ He is the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural science, politics, and poetics（逻辑学、形而上学、伦理学、自然科学、政治学和诗歌学）. And he profoundly influenced western thought. /Aristotle proposed a finite, spherical universe（宇宙是有限的球体）, with the earth as its center（地球是宇宙的中心）. He also held that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones（重的物体下落更快）.

🎈向…提问 put questions to …

He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.

他是第一个把望远镜对准天空的人，观察到的论据足以把亚里士多德和托勒密一起推翻。

🎈Ptolemy（托勒密）：Ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer（古希腊天文学家、数学家、地理学家）

He based his astronomy on the belief that all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth（所有天体都绕着地球转）./ His astronomical theories and explanations dominated scientific thought until the 16th century when Copernicus（哥白尼）, a Polish astronomer, advanced the theory the earth and other planets revolve around the sun（日心说）, disrupting the Ptolemaic astronomy.

He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.

他就是那个曾经爬上比萨斜塔，从塔顶向下抛掷各种重物的人；他是那个使地球体沿斜面向下滚动，然后将多次实验结果概括成著名的自由落体定律的人。

🎈Leaning Tower of Pisa（比萨斜塔）: Started in 1173(始建于1973), the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is an example of Romanesque architecture（罗马建筑）. It is actually the bell tower（钟楼） of the cathedral of Pisa. Legend has it that Galileo once carried out experiments at the leaning tower which showed that the velocity of moving bodies of the same composition, but of different weights, do not attain the proportion of their weights as Aristotle decreed, but move with the same velocity.

🎈斜面inclined plane

🎈把…概括为… generalize sth. into sth.

But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.

但是，对那个时代的深化了解，尤其是以科学家革命中哲学潜流的新意识为依据，进一步仔细研究，就会极大地改变对伽利略的看法。

🎈supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution均为study的后置定语。

🎈被…所支撑，基于… be supported by … =be based on …

🎈sense n. 了解，认识understanding / consciousness

🎈profoundly adv.深深地，很大程度上 =deeply; extremely

🎈modify：部分或某种程度上地改变

change：完全改变，彻底改变

Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.

今天，虽然已故的伽利略继续活在许多通俗读物中，但在科学史家中间，一个新的更加复杂的伽利略形象出现了。

🎈live v.存在

例句

Where do the knives live in your kitchen?

厨房的刀放在哪里？

🎈picture n.心中对某物的图景

例句

Can you form a picture of/Can you imagine what I described to you?

你能想象出我所描述的吗？

At the same time our sympathy for Galileo’s opponents has grown somewhat.

与此同时，我们对伽利略的反对派的同情也有所增加。

🎈对…的同情 sympathy for… [情感类用词常用介词for]

🎈opponent n.对手 adversary; antagonist

His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.

他用望远镜所作的观察确实是不朽的，这些观察当时引起人们极大的兴趣，具有重要的理论意义，并充分显示出了仪表和仪器的潜在力量。

🎈应得的奖赏/惩罚 a just reward / punishment

🎈consequence n.影响；结果

生态方面的影响ecological consequences

🎈充满潜能be full of potential / potentialities [potential不可数；potentialities可数且常用Pl.]

🎈instruments和apparatus都表示“仪器、设备”，前者可数，后者不可数

实验室设备laboratory apparatus

一件设备a piece of apparatus

But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one’s instrument?

但如果我们想到，使用一架倍数有限的望远镜需要长期的经验和对自己仪器的熟悉程度，那么我们怎么能去责备观察了天空但没有看到伽利略所看到的东西的那些人呢？

🎈if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one’s instrument是条件状语从句，其中that to use…是动词remember的宾语从句。

🎈But can we blame those who …意同But we cannot blame those who …，虽是问句却无需回答，属于“修辞疑问句”（rhetorical question），比陈述句语气更甚，同时避免了陈述句的说教语气，引人深思。

例句

O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? （‘Ode to the West Wind’）

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（《西风颂》）

🎈00倍的显微镜 a 200-power microscope

32倍的望远镜a 32-power telescope

🎈需要…

call for…

need / require / demand

it takes sth. to do sth.

entail sth. / doing （需要某人做某事entail sb. doing）

necessitate sth.

Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo’s telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse’s great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder?

某位哲学家曾拒绝使用伽利略的望远镜去观察天空；到了19世纪40年代，有人硬把罗斯勋爵高倍望远镜观测到的螺旋状星云说成是是磨镜工留下的磨痕。难道反对伽利略的哲学家比诋毁罗斯勋爵造谣者应受到更大的谴责吗?

🎈that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse’s great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder是allege的宾语从句，其中observed with Lord Rosse’s great telescope in the 1840s和left by the grinder分别是nebulae和scratches的后置定语。

🎈allege常指“无证据情况下宣称不好的事”。

We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo’s spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?

如果我们回想一下伽利略之前几个世纪期间，曲面镜一直是一种用于产生幻影而不是产生真象的把戏装置，那么我们就会原谅那些当时把伽利略观察到的木星卫生说成是伽利略用他的小望远镜变出来的人们，何况一片曲面镜就可歪曲自然，那么伽利略的两片曲面镜对自然的歪曲又该多大呢?

🎈if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth是条件状语从句， that in his…untruth是嵌在其中的宾语从句，其中as for centuries before（正如几个世纪前一样）是方式状语从句，补充完整为as curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth for centuries before。

🎈curve v.使弯曲

curved a.弯曲的

曲面镜curved glass

凸透镜convex lens

凹透镜concave lens

🔥必背词汇

controversy     n. 争论，论战

使争论更激烈add fuel to the controversy

激起对…的争论spark / provoke / stir a controversy over sth

controversial a.有争议的

一个富有争议的话题a controversial issue / topic

【近义词】

controversy n.很多人参与的持久而激烈的论战

debate n.辩论会

dispute n.激烈的争执、争端（不一定有很多人参与）

discord n.（人与人之间的）不和，纷争

conflict n.冲突

clash n.刀剑撞击声；（人、组织间的）冲突

collision n.碰撞，摩擦

不容置疑，不容争议be beyond dispute

与…有矛盾/起冲突be in conflict with …

双方激烈的冲突violent clashes between… and…

性格/文化冲突personality / culture clash

dust     n. 尘土；骚乱，混乱

尘归尘土归土。Ashes to ashes and dust to dust.

（因长时间不使用等原因）积灰、落灰gather / collect dust

例句

My guitar has just been gathering dust since I injured my hand.

平息政治纷争settle the political dust

…纷争早已尘埃落定。The … dust has long since settled.

perspective      n. 透视法；视角，角度，看法

对…的看法/观点perspective on …

从历史/全球/金融的角度from a historical / global / financial perspective

【近义词】angle / standpoint n.立场，观点，角度

从不同的角度from a different angle

从政治视角from a political standpoint

familiarity      n. 熟悉，通晓，精通

某人对音乐的精通sb’s familiarity with music

某人对某物很熟悉sb. be familiar with sth.

某物对某人来说很熟悉sth. be familiar to sb.

【近义词】acquaintance n.[U]知道，了解；[C]熟人

对某人或某物很熟悉be acquainted with sb. / sth.

culpable      adj. 应受谴责的，应受处罚的

应受处罚的疏忽大意culpable negligence

应对…负责be culpable/responsible for …

谴责/怪罪某人；某人应负有责任hold sb. culpable/responsible

culpability/ responsibility n.[U]有责任，有罪，应受惩罚

🔥重点表达

使争论更激烈add fuel to the controversy

激起对…的争论spark / provoke / stir a controversy over sth

一个富有争议的话题a controversial issue / topic

不容置疑，不容争议be beyond dispute

与…有矛盾/起冲突be in conflict with …

双方激烈的冲突violent clashes between… and…

性格/文化冲突personality / culture clash

尘归尘土归土。Ashes to ashes and dust to dust.

（因长时间不使用等原因）积灰、落灰gather / collect dust

平息政治纷争settle the political dust

…纷争早已尘埃落定。The … dust has long since settled.

对…的看法/观点perspective on …

从历史/全球/金融的角度from a historical / global / financial perspective

某人对音乐的精通sb’s familiarity with music

某人对某物很熟悉sb. be familiar with sth.

某物对某人来说很熟悉sth. be familiar to sb.

对某人或某物很熟悉be acquainted with sb. / sth.

应对…负责be culpable/responsible for …

谴责/怪罪某人；某人应负有责任hold sb. culpable/responsible

在某人一生之中in / during one’s lifetime

一生中最美好/最棒的… sth. of a lifetime / one’s life

早已…，早就… long since …

宗教法庭 the Inquisition / the Holy Office

估摸着，约莫着，大概something like …

介于…和…之间（的状态）something between … and …

相比之下 in / by contrast= in / by comparison

问题儿童problem child

（某人）对于…的看法/观点 one’s/the view of…

某人的看法/观点one’s view

对…的偏见prejudice against…

向…提问 put questions to …

斜面inclined plane

把…概括为… generalize sth. into sth.

被…所支撑，基于… be supported by … =be based on …

对…的同情 sympathy for…

应得的奖赏/惩罚 a just reward / punishment

充满潜能be full of potential / potentialities

实验室设备laboratory apparatus

一件设备a piece of apparatus

需要… call for…

曲面镜curved glass

凸透镜convex lens

凹透镜concave lens

🔥复盘测试

使争论更激烈

激起对…的争论

一个富有争议的话题

不容置疑，不容争议

与…有矛盾/起冲突

双方激烈的冲突

性格/文化冲突

尘归尘土归土。

（因长时间不使用等原因）积灰、落灰

平息政治纷争

…纷争早已尘埃落定。

对…的看法/观点

从历史/全球/金融的角度

某人对音乐的精通

某人对某物很熟悉

某物对某人来说很熟悉

对某人或某物很熟悉

应对…负责

谴责/怪罪某人；某人应负有责任

在某人一生之中

一生中最美好/最棒的…

早已…，早就…

宗教法庭

估摸着，约莫着，大概

介于…和…之间（的状态）

相比之下

问题儿童

（某人）对于…的看法/观点

某人的看法/观点

对…的偏见

向…提问

斜面

把…概括为…

被…所支撑，基于…

对…的同情

应得的奖赏/惩罚

充满潜能

实验室设备

一件设备

需要…

曲面镜

凸透镜

凹透镜

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