《Knowledge and progress  知识和进步》 -新概念英语第四册 学习笔记

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Knowledge and progress 

知识和进步

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?

为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出？

🎈某事变得重要（令人担忧） (sth) loom large

例句

Human right issues will continue to loom large in China-U.S. relations.

人权问题仍是中美关系的重大问题。

Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.

无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。

🎈种类kind / sort / type

一种…

1 a kind of + 不可数名词/可数名词单数 [谓语动词用单数]

2不可数名词/可数名词复数 + of a kind [谓语动词单复数与“不可数名词/可数名词复数”保持一致]

一种新机器a new kind of machine或machines of a new kind

3 一种a kind of … / a sort of …

[该表达也可表示“像…一样，…一般的” ]

英雄般的人物a sort of hero

例句

An atom is a kind of solar system.

原子好比太阳系。

🎈变得愈来愈…be becoming more and more / increasingly + adj.

例句

So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.

现在我们自己动手做事的热情很高，结果对于专业工人的依赖越来越少了。

Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.

虽然人类有智力和道德上没有得到普遍提高，但在知识积累方面却取得了巨大的进步。

🎈undergo (underwent, undergone) v.经历 [强调主语发生了变化]

经历外科手术undergo surgery （患者做了手术）

例句

Mankind has undergone no general improvement.

人类自身在进步

近义

experience /go through/ know /see/ witness

只是表明某事发生了

经历磨难experience difficulties

经历危机go through a crisis

例句

He has seen / known so much misery.

他经历了太多磨难。

🎈在…取得进步make (an) improvement / improvements in …

make progress in …

make an advance / advances in…

取得巨大进步，可以在“进步”的名词前增加形容词,如great, enormous, considerable, extraordinary, substantial …

🎈人类

1 man[U],用 he指代

2 mankind / the human race[U]，用it指代

例句

人类有其自身的问题。

Man has his problems.

或Mankind / The human race has its problems.

Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.

人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。

🎈此句的increase相当于grow / accumulate，上句中已经出现过accumulation，所以此处另选用词，进行表达替换。

🎈与某人交流某事communicate sth. to sb.

与某人交流communicate/commune with sb.

传达某事convey sth.

With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.

随着书写的发明，又迈进了一大步，因为这样一来，知识不仅能交流，而且能储存了。

🎈With the invention of writing介词短语作状语。for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored是原因状从。

🎈随着…with…

随着圣诞节的到来with the approach of Christmas

随着科学的进步with the advance of science

随着战争的爆发with the outbreak of war

随着复活节的来临with the coming / arrival / advent of Easter

[with+名词/动词/动名词；as+从句]

With the evidence began to accumulate, … ×

As the evidence began to accumulate, … √

🎈此句意同The invention of writing enabled mankind to make a great advance in the preservation of knowledge.或The invention of writing brought about a great advance in the preservation of knowledge.

🎈取得进步undergo general improvement

make extraordinary progress

make a great advance

Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.

藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，因为知识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的发明又大大提高了知识増长的速度。

🎈and是并列连词。冒号起解释的作用。非限制性定语从句which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing修饰a kind of compound interest law（一种复利法则）

🎈反过来；转而又……in (its) turn

例句

Poverty led to social unrest, which in (its) turn aggravated poverty.贫困导致社会动乱，动乱又反过来加剧了贫困。

Theory is based on practice and in (its) turn serves practice.

理论以实践为基础，反过来又服务于实践。

反之亦然vice versa

例句

Boys can date girls, and vice versa.

🎈增加…，使…更… add to sth./increase sth.

例句

The balloons added to the festive atmosphere.

气球增添了节日氛围。

All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised.

所有这些发展都比较缓慢，而随着科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。

🎈until the tempo was suddenly raised是时间状从。with the coming of science是插入语。

🎈随着科学的到来with the coming / arrival / birth / advent / dawn / genesis of science

🎈知识增长的速度the tempo of the growth of knowledge

Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.

于是，知识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。

🎈“The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.”运用了暗喻的修辞。

Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account.

而且，新知识一旦获得，便得到实际应用。

🎈把…加以…的应用turn sth. to … account

把知识加以实践的运用turn knowledge to practical account

例句

He turned his negotiating skills to very good account in the meeting.

他把自己的谈判技巧很好地运用到了这场会议中。

What is called ‘modern civilization’ is not the result of a balanced development of all man’s nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life.

所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是积累起来的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。

🎈not…but…（不是…而是…）句型。过去分词短语applied to practical life作knowledge的后置定语。

The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge?

用这些知识去做什么？

🎈now facing humanity是problem的后置定语。What is going to be done with all this knowledge?是表语从句。

As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both.

正像人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用来为害。人们现在正漫不经心地把知识用于这两个方面。

🎈As is so often pointed out是非限制性定从，修饰整个主句，该结构也可以写成：

It is so often pointed out that knowledge is … √

As (is) so often pointed out, knowledge is … √

(双刃刀/剑two-edged / double-edged weapon / sword

例句

Fame can be a double-edged sword.

🎈善恶之战a battle between good and evil

can be used equally for good or evil =Knowledge benefits mankind and at the same time pose a threat/constitutes a menace to it

Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?

例如：炮兵利用科学毁坏人的身体、而外科医生就在附近用科学抢救被炮兵毁坏的人体，还有 什么情景比这更可怕、更怪诞的吗？

🎈than that of…中的that相当于spectacle。surgeons use it to…中的it相当于science。while引出并列句。

🎈spectacle n.给人留下深刻印象的情形 an impressive sight

例句

The carnival parade was a magnificent spectacle.

spectacles n.眼镜

spectator n.（观看体育比赛的）观众

inspect v.检查

introspect v.反省，自省.

retrospect v./n. 回首往事

prospect n.前程；展望

circumspect a.谨慎的

🎈gunner n.炮兵，炮手

gunman n.枪手，持枪歹徒

🎈该句是修辞疑问句（rhetorical question），比陈述句语气更甚，同时避免了陈述句的说教语气，引人深思。

We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.

我们不得不严肃地问问我们自己：随着日益增长的知识的力量，如果我们继续利用知识的这种双重性，将会发生什么样的情况呢？

🎈what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues整个是动词ask的宾语从句，其中if this twofold use of knowledge continues是条件状从，with its ever-increasing power是插入语。

🎈不断/总是/永远…ever-doing

日新月异的世界the ever-changing world

不断增长的知识the ever-growing knowledge

不断发展的经济the ever-developing economy

不断拓张的市场the ever-expanding market

不断深化的改革the ever-deepening reform

日益减少的资源the ever-dwindling resources

🔥必背词汇

manifest      adj. 明显的

近义

clear, obvious, explicit

explicit强调（语言、文字等）表达清楚的

明确的指示explicit instructions

一部色情、露骨的影片a sexually explicit movie

implicit a.含蓄的，不直接表明的

对政府政策含蓄的批评an implicit criticism of government policy

manifest vt. 使……显露出来

例句

Musical talent usually manifests itself in childhood.

音乐天分总是在童年时期就有所彰显。

morality     n. [U]道德

提高人们的公德意识enhance people’s consciousness of public morality

moral adj. 道德的；道义的

道德标准moral standard

道德支持moral support

morals n. 道德标准

维多利亚时期的道德标准和风俗the morals and customs of the Victorian period

ethics n. 职业道德

医德/商业道德medical / commercial  ethics

values n. 价值观

传统/保守的/开明的价值观traditional / conservative / liberal values

compound      adj. 复合的

复合名词/复合形容词/复合句a compound noun / adjective / sentence

复利compound interest

单利simple interest

compound n. 化合物；复合词

由…组成be compounded of / from…

例句

The DNA molecule is compounded of / from many smaller molecules.

indifferently      adv. 冷漠地，不在乎地

对…无动于衷/不在乎/冷漠be indifferent to …

be apathetic about …

be unsympathetic to …

例句

How can you be indifferent to the sufferings of the refugees?

无所谓。/我不在乎。

It makes no difference to me.

I don’t mind / care.

It’s all the same to me.

对我很重要。

It makes a lot of / a whole world’s difference to me.

It matters to me.

It means a lot to me.

It weighs heavily with me.

whimsical       adj. 稀奇古怪的，异想天开的

whimsy n.古怪的念头/想法

whim n.心血来潮，一时冲动 [常用搭配是on a whim]

例句

We bought the house on a whim.

我们一时冲动买下了这栋房子。

由于某人一时冲动at the whim of sb.

例句

I always been afraid to go up in an airplane. Now I’m gonna jump out of one at the whim of a maniac!

shatter       v. 突然把某物打成粉碎，粉碎

例句

One of his knees was shattered by a bullet.

使某人希望破灭/打破某人幻想/粉碎某人信心shatter one’s hopes / illusions / confidence

打破宁静shatter the peace / silence

近义词smash/crush v.

打破一扇窗户/一个玻璃杯smash a window / glass

粉碎恐怖主义smash terrorism

粉碎四人帮smash the Gang of Four

镇压叛乱、起义crush the rebellion / uprising

🔥重点表达

明确的指示explicit instructions

对政府政策含蓄的批评an implicit criticism of government policy

提高人们的公德意识enhance people’s consciousness of public morality

道德标准moral standard

道德支持moral support

医德/商业道德medical / commercial  ethics

传统/保守的/开明的价值观traditional / conservative / liberal values

复利compound interest

单利simple interest

由…组成be compounded of / from…

对…无动于衷/不在乎/冷漠be indifferent to …

心血来潮，一时冲动on a whim

由于某人一时冲动at the whim of sb.

使某人希望破灭/打破某人幻想/粉碎某人信心shatter one’s hopes / illusions / confidence

打破宁静shatter the peace / silence

某事变得重要（令人担忧） (sth) loom large

一种新机器a new kind of machine/machines of a new kind

一种a kind of … / a sort of …

经历undergo/experience /go through/ know /see/ witness

在…取得进步make (an) improvement / improvements in …

与某人交流某事communicate sth. to sb.

与某人交流communicate/commune with sb.

传达某事convey sth.

反过来；转而又……in (its) turn

反之亦然vice versa

增加…，使…更… add to sth./increase sth.

随着科学的到来with the coming / arrival / birth / advent / dawn / genesis of science

知识增长的速度the tempo of the growth of knowledge

把…加以…的应用 turn sth. to … account

双刃刀/剑 two-edged / double-edged weapon / sword

日新月异的世界 the ever-changing world

不断增长的知识 the ever-growing knowledge

不断发展的经济 the ever-developing economy

不断拓张的市场 the ever-expanding market

不断深化的改革 the ever-deepening reform

日益减少的资源 the ever-dwindling resources

🔥复盘测试

明确的指示

对政府政策含蓄的批评

提高人们的公德意识

道德标准

道德支持

医德/商业道德

传统/保守的/开明的价值观

复利

单利

由…组成

对…无动于衷/不在乎/冷漠

心血来潮，一时冲动

由于某人一时冲动

使某人希望破灭/打破某人幻想/粉碎某人信心

打破宁静

某事变得重要（令人担忧）

一种新机器

一种

经历

在…取得进步

与某人交流某事

与某人交流

传达某事

反过来；转而又……

反之亦然

增加…，使…更…

随着科学的到来

知识增长的速度

把…加以…的应用

双刃刀/剑

日新月异的世界

不断增长的知识

不断发展的经济

不断拓张的市场

不断深化的改革

日益减少的资源

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