The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。🎈句中“钻洞”用了make holes表达，make一词暗示不强调“钻洞的工具。钻一个洞bore/drill/prick/punch a hole挖一个洞dig a hole敲一个洞knock a hole凿一个洞chop a hole咬一个洞eat a hole啃一个洞gnaw a hole🎈go down to1、向下2、南下 [go up to北上]例句I’ll go down to Hangzhou tomorrow.3、从重要的地区到次重要的地区[go up to反之]例句go up to town🎈深达… go down to as much as …/extend to a depth of …有…高stand … high/rise to a height of …例句I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach.用我灵魂企及的高度和深度来爱你。But we do not need to send man down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits.但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。🎈as we must with other mineral deposits= as we must （send men down） with other mineral deposits，从句省略了主语中出现过的成分。🎈派/打发某人去…send sb. to do sth. / send sb. to sth.或dispatch sb. to do sth. / dispatch sb. to sth.例句打发这个男孩去上学/睡觉 s end the boy to school / bed [school / bed强调功能，同理的还有go to bed。若词前有冠词，则只表示地点，而非功能]🎈（工作）调动，调岗transfer sb. to sth. 派驻（政府官员、军官等）post sb. to sth. 流放，充军发配transport sb. to sth. 例句He was transported to Siberia for life. 终身for lifeThe holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。🎈“不到…”1、 less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额)例句less than 20 minutes / a foot / 2 miles / 10 dollars2、fewer than+数词+普通名词例句There are fewer than 20 applications.现代英语中，这两种用法的限制已经逐渐模糊了“足足有……；有……之多” no less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额)“至少有……；不少于……” not less than+数词+计量名词(时间；距离；金额)“足足有……；有……之多” no fewer than+数词+普通名词“至少有……；不少于……” not fewer than+数词+普通名词“只有……” no more than … “最多……”not more than …🎈直径diameter 半径radius口径caliber / calibreMy particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。🎈particular adj.特殊的；具体的；个人的 例句in this particular case= in this specific casehis particular problems= his individual problems🎈很大程度上，主要地largely/chiefly / mainly / to a great extent例句His success was largely due to luck.他的成功很大程度上归结于运气。🎈在…作用/贡献很大do much / a lot / a great deal to …在…有用do little to …在…没用do nothing to …例句Though it is technically a book, the Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized one, for it brings faith to humanity.尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰。比…在…上作用更大 do more to … than …例句New Concept English has done more to improve my writing skills than any other book.新概念英语比其他任何书对提高我写作能力的作用都大。When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。🎈When it has been decided where we are going to drill是时间状语从句，其中it是形式主语，where we are going to drill主语从句是真正主语。put up at the surface an oil derrick中at the surface是地点状语，提前的原因是1、突出强调an oil derrick2、便于引出下文，连贯感更好。🎈使…直立，竖起put up= set up= erectIt has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，并且底部装有钻头。🎈lower into the ground and haul out of the ground/ great lengths of drill pipe （lower和haul的共同宾语）/which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom（定语从句）。定语后置是为了避免头重脚轻。🎈量词一根绳子a length of rope一版巧克力a bar of chocolate一条面包a loaf of bread一个冰激凌a cone of ice-cream一串葡萄/香蕉a bunch of grapes / bananas一块肥皂a cake of soap一道闪电a flash / bolt of lightning一声雷响a peal of thunder一阵风a gust of wind一块窗玻璃a pane of glass一束花a bouquet of flowers注意修饰词的位置一杯好茶a nice cup of tea一片美丽的原野a beautiful stretch of field一潭死水a stagnant pool of waterThe geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit.地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。🎈有时every so often = sometimesoccasionally at times(every) now and then(every) now and againonce in a whilefrom time to timeIt cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through.这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。🎈from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through= from which the strata the drill has been cutting through can be seen，原文的调整是为了句式平衡。🎈clean不指“干净的”，而是指“边缘或表面光滑的”。Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure either from gas or water, is pushing it.一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。🎈get down to1、下降到2、认真严肃地对待某事例句Let’s get down to business/work.让我们办正事/工作吧。This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。🎈处于控制中，受控制be under control控制住… get sth. under control…失控get out of control / hand坏了out of order没问题，当然可以out of question不可能out of the question闪开路out of the way在修under repair遭受进攻under attack正在讨论中under discussion正在考虑中under consideration被捕under arrest正在观察中under observation正在调查中under investigation正在建造中under construction正在整修中under renovationWe endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.我们尽量避免使用那种有关自喷井的陈旧的，不切实际的方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。🎈 which wastes oil and gas相当于原因状从。🎈竭尽全力/尽最大努力…endeavor to domake every endeavor to dogo to great lengths to dospare no effort to dodo / try one’s best / utmost to dogive one’s all to dogo all out to do🎈romantic adj. 不切实际的impracticalWe want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。🎈until we can lead it off…是时间状从，off是副词。in a controlled manner是方式状语。🔥必背词汇mineral adj. 矿物质的；n. 矿物质矿产资源/矿泉/矿泉水/矿物质/矿藏mineral resources / spring / water / substance / deposits金属矿物质metallic minerals非金属矿物质non-metallic minerals矿石ore [铁矿石iron ore 、铀矿石uranium ore]矿mine [煤矿a coal-mine、金矿a gold-mine]boring n. 钻孔；钻出的孔bore v.钻孔在山体中打通隧道bore a tunnel through the mountaindrill v.钻洞 n.钻开采原油/钻井取水drill for oil / water电钻an electric drillperforate v.穿眼/洞punch v.（笔直地）冲出一个洞prick / pierce v.穿眼/洞例句She had her ears pierced.她打了耳洞。haul v.（持续而缓慢地）拖拉或提升drag v.拽[摩擦力很大]tow v.拖（出故障的交通工具）trail v.漫不经心地拖例句She walked slowly along the path, her skirt trailing in the mud.pull/draw v.拖[万能词]rotate v. （使）（沿自身的轴）旋转轻轻旋下把手rotate the handle gently近义词revolve rotate只能指“自转”，revolve可指绕其他轴转例句The earth rotates on its axis while it revolves in its orbit.地球沿地轴自传，绕轨道公转。spin v.快速而稳定地转例句The ice skater began to spin faster and faster.twirl v.敏捷优雅地转例句The couple was twirling to a waltz.circulate v.循环，流通 →circulation n.例句Open the window to allow the air to circulate.geologist n. 地质学家geology n.地质学geological a.地质学的geologically ad.在地质学方面geographer n. 地理学家geography n. 地理学geographical a.地理学的geographically ad.在地理学方面geometry n. 几何学立体几何solid geometrystrata n. 岩层；社会阶层不同社会阶层的人们people of different social strata[Sing → Pl]stratum è→ stratadatum è→ data（数据）medium è→ media（媒体，媒介）bacterium →è bacteria（细菌）curriculum →è curricula（课程）🔥重点表达矿产资源/矿泉/矿泉水/矿物质/矿藏mineral resources / spring / water / substance / deposits金属矿物质metallic minerals非金属矿物质non-metallic minerals在山体中打通隧道bore a tunnel through the mountain开采原油/钻井取水drill for oil / water电钻an electric drill轻轻旋下把手rotate the handle gently立体几何solid geometry不同社会阶层的人们people of different social strata深达… go down to as much as …/extend to a depth of …有…高stand … high/rise to a height of …派/打发某人去…send sb. to do sth. / send sb. to sth.或dispatch sb. to do sth. / dispatch sb. to sth.（工作）调动，调岗transfer sb. to sth. 派驻（政府官员、军官等）post sb. to sth. 流放，充军发配transport sb. to sth. 直径diameter 半径radius口径caliber / calibre很大程度上，主要地largely/chiefly / mainly / to a great extent在…作用/贡献很大do much / a lot / a great deal to …使…直立，竖起put up= set up= erect有时every so often = sometimes处于控制中，受控制be under control控制住… get sth. under control…失控get out of control / hand竭尽全力/尽最大努力…endeavor to do🔥复盘测试矿产资源/矿泉/矿泉水/矿物质/矿藏金属矿物质非金属矿物质在山体中打通隧道开采原油/钻井取水电钻轻轻旋下把手立体几何不同社会阶层的人们深达… 有…高派/打发某人去…（工作）调动，调岗派驻（政府官员、军官等）流放，充军发配直径半径口径很大程度上，主要地在…作用/贡献很大使…直立，竖起有时处于控制中，受控制控制住… …失控竭尽全力/尽最大努力…
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