帕布莉卡
朗读这篇文章哀互生
Mourning for Husheng
朱自清
Zhu Ziqing
🔥提示：《哀互生》虽然篇幅短，但具有朱自清先生散文的特点:感情真挚、描写细腻、文字简练。
三月里刘熏宇君来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病，医生说只好等日子了。
In March I heard from Mr. Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that. The doctor said there was nothing he could do but to wait for the day to arrive.
🎈hear from somebody收到某人的来信/邮件/电话等 E.g. I look forward to hearing from you.
🎈was sick and hopelessly sick at that中at that是固定表达，指“（提供额外信息时）而且还”。
例句
He managed to buy a car after all — and a nice one at that.
他终于设法买了一辆小轿车，而且还挺不错的。
🎈“等日子”即活不久，迟早要死。译成wait for the day to arrive，形式上和意思上都与原文相符。
四月底在《时事新报》上见到立达学会的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！
Toward the end of April, I came across an obituary issued by Lida Association in the newspaper Current Affairs. How quickly the day had arrived!
🎈无意中发现/偶遇 come across
🎈因此处“通告”指“死讯”，故而译作obituary（讣告）更为准确。
🎈“想不到这么快互生就殁了”译成How quickly the day had arrived! 既表达了原文“意想不到”的含义，也和上句的wait for the day to arrive相呼应。
后来听说他病中的光景，那实在太惨；
Later, when I learned how he had suffered during his illness, I thought it was too miserable.
🎈suffer后可加from，也可不加。
例句
I realized he was suffering from shock.
我意识到他休克了。
Within a few days she had become seriously ill, suffering great pain and discomfort.
几天的时间，她就病得很严重了，疼痛难忍，周身不舒服。
为他想，早点去，少吃些苦头，也未尝不好的。
From his point of view, however, his passing away was not a bad thing after all, because he suffered less by going earlier.
🎈为他想→从他的角度考虑，译作from his point of view。其中，point of view指“对事物的观点，见解，态度”/“考虑角度；判断方法”。
补充：从另一方面/角度（看）from another point of view
梁实秋《学问与趣味》
例如体育，<从另一方面看>也是重要得无以复加。Physical education, for example, is also extremely important from another point of view.
🎈去世、消逝 pass away
🎈毕竟；终归 after all
最重要的是；尤其是 above all
🎈“早点去”：英语的go可作“死”解，将“早点去”译成going earlier符合英语的习惯。
但丢下立达这个学校，这班朋友，这班学生，他一定不甘心，不瞑目！
But it must have been very hard for him to close his eyes and resign himself to the fact that he was leaving his Lida School, his friends and his students behind.
🎈must have been表示对过去的肯定推测。
🎈resign himself to the fact that he was leaving … behind：that引导同位语从句。又，积累resign的用法：resign oneself to sth/doing sth意为“屈从;顺从;安于;勉强接受…”
🎈留下、抛下 leave… behind
互生最叫我们纪念的是他做人的态度。
What was most memorable about Husheng was his attitude toward life.
🎈某人对于……的态度one’s attitude toward…。在表示“不计较”的时候，就可以说take a tolerant attitude toward…。很多人会好奇toward和towards之间的区别，答案是用法和意义上基本没什么区别，可互换使用。
他本来是一副铜筋铁骨，黑皮肤衬着那一套大布之衣,看去像个乡下人。
He was as strong as a man of steel, his dark complexion set off by clothes of coarse cloth, looking like someone from the countryside.
🎈as strong as a man of steel：as+adj+as+n表示“和……一样”，属于同级比较。又，铜筋铁骨用于比喻十分健壮的身体。be+of+抽象名词，意同与名词相对应的be+形容词。of steel指“钢铁般坚强（或冷漠、坚硬）的”having a quality like steel, especially a strong, cold or hard quality
例句
She felt a hand of steel (= a strong, firm hand) on her arm.
她感觉一只有力的手抓住了她的胳膊。
🎈“黑皮肤”译作dark complexion。白皮肤要怎么说？用white吗？实际上，white多指“脸色苍白”，且一般不用来形容人的肤色。“白皙的肤色”常译为“fair complexion/skin”。
🎈乡下人someone from the countryside/a countryman
他什么苦都吃得，从不晓得享用，也像乡下人。
He could withstand any hardship and never sought ease and comfort. In this respect he was like a countryman, too.
🎈In this respect（从这个角度看、从这点看）是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。
他心里那一团火，也像乡下人。那一团火是热，是力，是光。
Again like a countryman, he had a heart as warm as fire radiating warmth, power and light.
🎈若照字面意思将此句直译成英语，会出现不符合英语表达习惯的现象。现将两句合并成一句，读起来更紧凑，同时避免了生硬的句式。
🎈had a heart (that’s )as warm as fire，as warm as fire radiating warmth是heart的后置定语，同时radiating warmth, power and light是fire的后置定语。
他不爱多说话，但常常微笑；那微笑是自然的，温暖的。
He was a man of few words, but of all smiles. His smile was natural and friendly.
🎈“他不爱多说话，但常常微笑”可以处理为主系表（即参考译文中的he was a man of few words…），也可以处理为主谓宾（he doesn’t like to talk much but smiles often…）。大家可以积累一下“少话（a man of few words）”的译法。
在他看，人是可以互相爱着的，除了一些成见已深，不愿打开窗户说亮话的。
In his view, people could love each other, except those with deep prejudices and those who could not bring themselves out in the open.
🎈those后接定语的六种情况：
1、+形容词（短语），此时通常可视为一个省略的定语从句（即定语从句省略了“用作主语关系代词+系动词be）。
例句
There was public outcry from those opposed to abortion.
反堕胎人士公开大声抗议。
2、+现在分词（短语），此时those与其后动词是主谓关系。
例句
All those appearing on the register must notify the authorities of any change of address.
登记簿上的地址变更必须通知相关机构。
3、+过去分词，此时those与其后动词是被动关系。
例句
The church service is a memorial to those killed in the war.
教堂里举行的仪式是为纪念战争中牺牲的人们。
4、+不定式短语，此时those后动词表示将要发生的情况。
例句
I’m going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away.
我打算把这些旧书分成要留下的和要扔掉的两类。
5、+介词短语，此时通常可视为一个省略的定语从句（即定语从句省略了“用作主语关系代词+系动词be）。
例句
There is no alternative for those with no car of their own.
没有私家车的人就没有选择余地。
6、+定语从句，此时分人（who）、物（which），有时也可用that、whose、in which等引导。
例句
The disease is more likely to strike those whose immune systems are already below par.
这种病更容易对那些免疫系统低于正常水平的人构成威胁。
🎈“打开窗户/天窗说亮话”是一句常说的口头用语，意为“直率”、“坦诚”等，用frank或outspoken来表达皆可。但考虑到句子结构的平衡，将其译成to bring oneself out in the open效果更好。
他对这些人却有些憎恶，不肯假借一点颜色。
He hated these people, and to them he wouldn’t show anything like gentleness.
🎈“不肯假借一点颜色（不假颜色）”即不给好脸色，也可以译作he wouldn’t play nice with them。
世界上只有能憎的人才能爱；爱憎没有定见，只是毫无作为的脚色。
In this world, only those who could hate could love. Those who did not know what to love and what to hate were useless people.
🎈结合上文语境，“爱憎没有定见，只是毫无作为的脚色”应指“不懂得爱憎的人是毫无作为的人”。因此将其译成Those who did not know what to love and what to hate were useless people。
🎈what to do和how to do最直截了当的区别：what指内容，how指方式。准确的说法应该是what to do和how to do sth。
互生觉得青年成见还少，希望最多；所以愿意将自己的生命一滴不剩而献给他们，让爱的宗教在他们中间发荣滋长，让他们都走向新世界去。
Husheng thought that young people had little prejudice but lots of future promise, so he was willing to devote his life to them without reservation, letting the religion of love grow and flourish among them so that they could all go to a new world.
🎈promise可以指“许诺”，也可以指“希望”，如：光明的未来a promising future。
🎈献身、奉献、投入（时间、精力等）devote oneself/one’s life to sth.
🎈“让他们都走向新世界去”译作so that they could all go to a new world。
季羡林的《上海菜市场》中也见到过类似的句子：
一走进菜市场，仿佛走进了另一个世界。
Once inside the market, I felt like landing in a new world.
互生不好发议论，只埋着头干干干，是儒家的真正精神。
Husheng was not fond of talking too much, instead, he put his mind on work, and work, and nothing but work—an embodiment of the Confucian spirit.
🎈不好（hào）:不爱
🎈埋头苦干：put one’s mind on work
谢逸《下蛋·唱鸡及其它》
说到人，在我们中确是有很多沉默寡言的人，他们牢牢蹲在自己的岗位上，夜以继日，埋头苦干……
It is true that there are among us many who stick to their posts and quietly immerse themselves in hard work day and night…
我和他并没有深谈过，但从他的行事看来，相信我是认识他的。
Though I never had a chance to talk with him very closely, I was convinced that I understood him from the way he carried himself and conducted matters.
🎈“但从他的行事看来”：从上下文看这里的“行事”应包括“为人”和“行事”两方面，将其译作carried himself and conducted matters较为贴切。
补充：carry oneself well 举止文雅；彬彬有礼
互生办事的专心，少有人及得他。他办立达便饮食坐卧只惦着立达，再不想别的。
Few people I knew of were as devoted as Husheng. When he was running Lida School, all his thoughts were on the school, whatever he did.
🎈“饮食坐卧”不便直译，译成whatever he did更概括。
立达好像他的情人，他的独子。
Lida was like his sweetheart, his only son.
🎈现在看来“情人”是贬义词，此处旨在表达互生对学校倾注心血，就好像在对待……一样。“情人”不宜译作lover（多指不正当关系），而译作sweetheart（心上人、恋人、爱人）
他性情本有些狷介，但为了立达，也常去看一班大人先生，更常去看那些有钱可借的老板之类。
He was by nature an honest man, but for the sake of Lida, he had to go and see important people, bosses and others from whom he hoped to borrow money.
🎈生性、天生地by nature
例如：I’m very lazy by nature.
我生性很懒惰。
🎈为了……for…’s sake/for the sake of
梁实秋《学问与趣味》
只是‘无所为而为’solely for its own sake
形式主义 the practice of formalities for formalities’ sake
他东补西凑地为立达筹款子，还要跑北京，跑南京。
To raise funds, he had to run many places, even as far as Beijing and Nanjing.
🎈筹款raise money/funds
🎈“跑北京，跑南京”指四处奔波，run many places的译法略奇怪，可以有其他选择：run/move、rush/dash/travel around/about、on the run等。
有一回他本可以留学去，但丢不下立达，到底没有去。
Once he could have gone to study abroad, but he did not go in the end because he could not tear himself away from the school.
🎈情态动词+have done：
| 一、 “must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。
1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。 2. You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。 |
| 二、 “can’t+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。
1. Mr. Smith can’t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。 2. Mary can’t have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。 |
| 三、 “can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。
1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？ 2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？ |
| 四、 “could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。
He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。 |
| 五、 “may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。
—What has happened to George? —I don’t know. He may have got lost. —乔治发生了什么事？ ——我不知道，他可能迷路了。 |
| 六、 “might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。
1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. (MET90) 他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。 2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。 |
| 七、 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。
1. I would have told you all about the boy’s story, but you didn’t ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。 2. Without your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。 |
| 八、 “should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。” “shouldn’t+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。
1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn’t have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。 |
| 九、 “ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。
I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。 You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。 |
| 十、 “need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“needn’t+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。
I needn’t have bought so much wine—only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。 He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldn’t have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。 |
🎈in the end 终于，最后
on end竖着、直立着；连续地
他将生命献给立达，立达也便是他的生命。
He had sacrificed his life for Lida and Lida had become his life too.
🎈“立达也便是他的生命”可以按“立达和他的生命融在了一起”的理解意译，也可以在参考译文基础上增加in turn（反过来）。
他办立达这么多年，并没有让多少人知道他个人的名字，他早忘记了自己。
Though he was head of the school for so many years, he never tried to make his name known to the public. He had forgotten about himself altogether.
🎈altogether可以替换成totally，均指“彻底忘却自我”。
现在他那样壮健的身子到底为立达牺牲了。
Now he had worked himself to death for Lida despite his robust constitution.
🎈工作过度而亡、过劳死work oneself to death。…to death表示“……而亡”，例如：饿死starve to death；流血而亡is bleeding to death；被打死be beaten to death。
他殉了自己的理想，是有意义的。
He had died for his ideal—a meaningful death.
🎈死于…，因…而死die of…
为…殉身sacrifice/ die for…
注意介词的不同含义。
🎈破折号后跟的是同位语，起解释说明的作用。
只是这理想刚在萌芽；我们都该想想，立达怎样才可不死呢?立达不死，互生其实也便不死了。
His ideal was merely beginning to bud. Now we should all think about one question: what must we do to keep Lida alive? If Lida is kept alive, Husheng lives on.
🎈“立达不死，互生其实也便不死了”中的“立达不死”表示条件，除了If Lida is kept alive，也可处理为Had Lida been kept alive, Hsheng would live on，或者“祈使句，+ and + 陈述句(Keep Lida alive, and Husheng will live on”、with结构等等。
🔥必背词汇
bud v发芽，萌芽
英义
When a tree or plant is budding, buds are appearing on it or are beginning to open.
例句
The leaves were budding on the trees below.
下面的树正在发芽。
robust adj.强健的，健壮的，坚固的，结实的
英义
Someone or something that is robust is very strong or healthy.
例句
More women than men go to the doctor. Perhaps men are more robust or worry less?
看医生的女性多于男性。也许男性更强壮或者顾虑要少一些？
🔥重点表达
收到某人的来信/邮件/电话等hear from somebody
而且还at that
无意中发现/偶遇 come across
讣告obituary
少吃些苦头suffered less
为他想from his point of view
去世、消逝 pass away
毕竟；终归 after all
做人的态度attitude toward life
一副铜筋铁骨was as strong as a man of steel
黑皮肤dark complexion
乡下人someone from the countryside/a countryman
不爱多说话was a man of few words
打开窗户说亮话bring themselves out in the open
献身、奉献、投入（时间、精力等）devote oneself/one’s life to sth.
埋头苦干put one’s mind on work
生性、天生地by nature
为了……for…’s sake/for the sake of
筹款raise money/funds
终于，最后in the end
工作过度而亡、过劳死work oneself to death
为…殉身sacrifice/ die for
🔥复盘测试
收到某人的来信/邮件/电话等
而且还
无意中发现/偶遇
讣告
少吃些苦头
为他想
去世、消逝
毕竟；终归
做人的态度
一副铜筋铁骨
黑皮肤
乡下人
不爱多说话
打开窗户说亮话
献身、奉献、投入（时间、精力等）
埋头苦干
生性、天生地
为了……
筹款
终于，最后
工作过度而亡、过劳死
为…殉身
🔥表达对比
「丢弃、抛弃」you有几种表达？
Once he could have gone to study abroad, but he did not go in the end because he could not tear himself away from the school.
有一回他本可以留学去，但（丢）不下立达，到底没有去。
We grow old by deserting our ideals.
理想（丢弃），方堕暮年。
They don’t leave them behind just for no good reason.
他们不会毫无理由就（丢弃）它们。
Each year, France throws away about 7 million tons of food.
法国每年（丢弃）的食物高达700万吨。
Fortune favors the bold, but abandons the timid.
命运宠爱勇敢者，但是（抛弃）弱小者。
You didn’t turn your back on me.
你没有（抛弃）我。
We’d given up hope of ever having children.
我们已（放弃）生孩子的希望。
未经允许不得转载：帕布莉卡 » 朱自清《哀互生》 -英语翻译教程-中英双语赏析
朱自清《匆匆》 
爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
