Mother’s Hands高莽 Gao Mang🔥背景知识：高莽，1926年生，哈尔滨人，笔名乌兰汗，是我国著名翻译家、作家、画家，终生从事俄罗斯文学翻译工作，曾任中国作家协会《世界文学》杂志总编辑，著有多部散文集。《妈妈的手》是他写于1992年的一篇讴歌亲情的佳作。妈妈太老了，不过头发没有全白，脸上也没有出现几颗老人斑，只是腰背微驼。Mother is a bit stooped with age, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles.🎈stooped adj.驼背的🎈「妈妈太老了，不过头发没有全白，脸上也没出现几颗老人斑，只是腰背微驼」如按原文次序直译为 Mother is very old, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles. She is a bit stooped, 前后两句缺乏连贯性。现把两句合译为 Mother is a bit stooped with age, but her hair is only partially gray and her face has few old age speckles,条理就较清楚。又「没有 全白」可译为 only partially gray 或only partly gray。纤瘦的身体比30年前大约缩了一头。Her small and thin stature, however, is shorter than thirty years ago by a head.🎈「纤瘦」译作small and thin。其中small是增译成分，补充出之后能和句子后半部分的「缩了一头」相呼应，更显出岁月在母亲身上留下的痕迹。她的两只手，似乎只剩下几条青筋和一把骨头，And nothing seems to remain of her two hands but a few blue veins and bones.🎈nothing seems to remain of her two hands也可写作nothing of her two hands seems to remain。🎈「青筋」译作blue veins。不要纠结「青」为什么译作了blue，毕竟汉语中有「青天」，亦有「蓝天」手指也弯曲了，好像折弯而没有断的树枝。The fingers looked quite out of shape like broken twigs still hanging on to trees. 🎈「手指也弯曲了」如直译为The fingers were twisted （或crooked），似言过其实。应按「手指也变形了（或变了样）」译为The fingers looked quite out of shape（或 shapeless），较为确切🎈out of有多种含义，下面列出几种①离开ran out of the office从办公室跑了出去②失去out of control失控out of breath喘不过气out of speech说不出话来③来自She paid for it out of her own pocket.这笔费用是她自掏腰包支付的。④出自、由于out of pity处于怜悯心out of loyalty本着一片忠心🎈hanging on过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的twigs，本着翻译简洁原则，能用分词表达的就不用定语从句，越短越精炼。妈妈有时望着自己的手，自嘲地说：“这哪是手指头啊，简直是鸡爪子……” Sometimes, looking at her own hands, she will say in self-ridicule, “How can I still call them my fingers? They’re chicken claws …”🎈自嘲 self-ridiculeself-自勉自励self-encouragement自我防卫 self-defense means自暴自弃had no urge for self-improvement沾沾自喜feel very self-satisfied （或smug）舍己为公self-sacrifice自我反省self-examining🎈形近词辨析：finger手指、figure数字🎈鸡爪子chicken claws。鹰爪也用claw一词。每次我听到妈妈这种含有辛酸的话，就心疼不已。At this, my heart invariably aches.🎈听到这些 at this, …萧乾《枣核》他劈头就问我：“……？”经他指点，我留意到台阶两旁是他手栽的两株垂杨柳，草坪中央有个睡莲池。…he asked me, “…?” At this, I noticed a weeping willow, planted by himself, on either side of a flight of steps as well as a water-lily pond in the middle of the garden.🎈「每次……就/总」的含义处理为了invariably（不变地、总是）我还记得小的时候，妈妈怎样用一双细嫩的手为我洗头，洗身，洗脚。When I was a child, I remember, mother used to wash my hair, my body and my feet with her delicate soft hands.🎈 I remember是插入语。🎈过去常常…… used to do习惯于…… be used to doing被用来、将用于 be used to do她的手轻轻摸抚着我的皮肤，好惬意，好温柔哟！As her hands ran over me gently, what a feeling of comfort and warmth came over me!🎈感叹句What修饰名词或名词短语What a +adj +单数可数名词+主语+谓语！What + adj +可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语！How修饰adj/adv/vHow + adj/adv+主语+谓语!How clever the boy is!以who开头，表示惊奇Who else will read such a book! 谁还会读这样的书！以May开头，表示愿望May you both be happy! 祝二位幸福以here/there开头的感叹句Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！我还记得上学时，有一次老师让我在一个儿童剧里扮演松鼠的角色。Once, when I was a schoolboy, my teacher wanted me to play the part of a squirrel in a children’s play.🎈schoolboy：如果「我」是女生，则要用schoolgirl🎈扮演……的角色play the part of…。此时，play是动词。又，in a children’s play中的play是名词，表示话剧等。可服装要自己解决，我急得不知如何是好。I worried very much about the stagecostume that, according to the teacher, had to be provided by myself. 🎈according to the teacher是增译成分，表明「老师告诉大家（服装要自己解决）」妈妈安慰我：“你放心好了！我给你做……”Mother set my heart at ease by saying, “Don’t worry! I’ll make one for you all right …”🎈「我给你做」译为I’ll make one for you all right，其中短语all right用来加重语气，作「无疑」「确实」等解。🎈「安慰我」译作set my heart。其中，at ease是「放松的」。set也可换做made、put等词。妈妈买来一块灰绒布，剪裁、缝纫。Thereupon, she bought a piece of gray cotton flannel and started cutting it out and sewing. 🎈剪裁cutting …out缝纫sewing裁缝tailor订做的，合身的tailored第三天清早，我醒来时，发现妈妈依然坐在缝纫机前，On the early morning of the third day, when I woke up, I was surprised to find her still sitting at the sewing machine.🎈「发现妈妈依然坐在缝纫机前」译为I was surprised to find her still sitting at the sewing machine，其中surprised作「意外」解，是译文中的添加词，原文虽无其词而有其意。她微微一笑，拿起一件带大尾巴的松鼠式戏装让我看。试了一下，好极了。She smilingly showed me the stage costume for a squirrel with a bushy tail. I tried it on. It was perfect.🎈「微微一笑」没有译作谓语部分，而是处理为了副词smilingly，对「让我看show me」的动作进行修饰，较为简洁。🎈「一件带大尾巴的松鼠式戏装」译为the stage costume for a squirrel with a bushy tail，其中把「大尾巴」译为 a bushy tail，比a big tail更确切， bushy的原意是「毛茸茸的」「毛密的」🎈试穿try on例句Try on clothing and shoes to make sure they fit.试穿一下衣服和鞋子，看看是否合适。那时，我根本没有想过：妈妈为了让自己的儿子高兴，连夜不睡辛劳了几天。At that time, nevertheless, little did I ponder about mother having spent quite a few sleepless nights toiling for her son’s sake.🎈那时At that time🎈nevertheless是增译成分，能更好地凸显「我」的情绪：但我却从未想过……稍长，我喜欢伏在妈妈身边，看她在布头上缝绣彩色花条，When I was older, I would nestle by mother’s side and watch her embroidering brilliant flowers on a piece of cloth.🎈「稍长」用older比较级的形式译出🎈依偎/围在妈妈身边nestle by mother’s side她那么专注，那么细心，缝了拆，拆了缝，稍有欠妥的地方，一定返工。She worked attentively and meticulously, unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched, always doing all over again whatever she considered inadequate.🎈「缝了拆，拆了缝」译为unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched,也可简化为 unstitching or re-sewing。🎈「缝了拆，拆了缝」译作unstitching what she had sewn or re-sewing what she had unstitched，将语意进行了转化：拆缝好的地方，缝拆开的地方。后来，我看到布头上绽开了鲜花，长出了绿叶，飞来了小鸟，似乎还能闻到花草的清香，听到鸟儿啼鸣。When fresh flowers, green leaves and flying birds eventually appeared on the cloth, I seemed to smell the faint scent of flowers and plants and hear the tweeting of birds.🎈似乎seem to do/seem that例句The arguments seem to be never-ending.争论似乎永远不会停止。这是妈妈为我缝制的枕头套。我喜爱极了。Mother had made an embroidered pillowcase for me. I was overjoyed.🎈欣喜若狂，太开心了 overjoyed🎈前缀over-常表示「过火、过度」，如overachieve超额完成、overrate高估。我睡在这个枕头上，感受到妈妈的手爱抚着我的脸，温暖着我的心，连夜里的梦也不太苦涩了。When I lay with my head pillowed on it, I felt as if her hand were fondly caressing my face and warming my heart, and I were no longer disturbed by bad dreams.🎈with my head pillowed on it是with复合结构。with复合结构在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。常见形式有七种，with+名词/代词+介词短语（形容词/副词/名词/done/-ing分词/to do）I felt as if her hand were fondly caressing my face…🎈as if从句的两种用法：一、 as if 从句用陈述语气（相对于虚拟语气而言）,即你所表达的句子是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。设想语境:比方说你现在屋里看不到外面的情况,却听到了雨滴声,表达如下:It sounds as if it is raining． 听起来像是在下雨。二、as if 从句用虚拟语气，当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：（1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形。妈妈手中产生的每件东西，都精致，都漂亮。她总是精益求精。Everything that mother makes by hand is delicate and nice-looking, and she keeps trying to do better. 🎈精益求精try to do better。又，努力做try to do ;尝试做try doing。“文革”期间，五七干校的军宣队禁止我们外国文学工作者阅读中外文学作品，我便利用这个机会学习缝纫。During the so-called “Cultural Revolution”, when I was sent to a farm school, I, like all other scholars in the field of foreign literature, was denied access to foreign literary books. So I took the opportunity to learn sewing instead.🎈文革/文化大革命Cultural Revolution文化大革命全称「无产阶级文化大革命」，是一场由毛泽东发动，被反革命集团利用，给党、国家和各族人民带来严重灾难的内乱。1966年5月至1976年10月的「文化大革命」，使党、国家和人民遭到建国以来最严重的挫折和损失。🎈被派去be sent to 🎈a farm school ——Referring to the “May Seventh Cadre School9” set up in the countryside across China in accordance with Mao Zedong’s “May 7th Directive” issued during the so-called “Cultural Revolution”(1966—1976), to which innumerable intellectuals, government officials, etc. were sent to do physical labour.🎈积累access to的用法。梁实秋《学问与趣味》「走进学问的大门」也可直译为to enter the gate of learning。现译为to gain access to scholarship，其中to gain access to是惯用搭配，作「进入」「到达」或「接触，拿到」解。这时我才感念妈妈几十年来为我和哥哥们缝制衣服付出了多少精力与心血。妈妈的手是什么时候变得粗糙了呢？Only then did I fully realize how for scores of years mother had toiled away at making clothes for my elder brothers and me. When did her hands start to become so rough?🎈Only then did I fully realize：
only位于句首修饰状语要倒装。在句首的only如果后面跟了副词、介词短语或从句等状语，则主句用倒装结构.如only后跟的是主语,就不用倒装结构了。例如：Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get back to work．Only in this way can you learn English well．Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved．Only the teachers are allowed to use the room．（不倒装）Only five men were hurt in the accident．（不倒装）注意,only和所修饰的状语如果不在句首，则不倒装。如：The boy was helped out only when his father arrived in a hurry．Only then did he realize the importance of English.only then，是过一小会儿的意思，一般用在句首,引导倒装句。如：Only then did he realize the importance of English．
🎈数十年 scores of years 吴冠中《毁画》数十年风风雨雨中作了大批画……I produced a great many paintings during the scores of difficult years.🎈辛苦劳作toil away例句When the sun was up, people would toil away, but when the sun set, the work day was pretty much done.当太阳初升, 人们会辛苦劳作, 而太阳落山时, 一天的工作宣告完成。妈妈老了，她的手已经拿不住针线，也不能做饭了，甚至走路时也要手扶墙壁。She is old. Her hands are now too enfeebled to do even needlework or cooking. When she walks, she has to move along with a groping hand on the wall for support.🎈too enfeebled to do…是too…to…（太……以至于不能……）的结构。也可换用so that等结构。🎈「要手扶墙壁」译为 with a groping hand on the wall for support,其中groping是译文中的添加词，作「触摸」解。墙壁上留下被她的手磨损的痕迹。Consequently, the wall now bears traces of the wear and tear of the continual touching of her hand.🎈Consequently是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意，补充出了「因母亲总是扶墙导致……」的逻辑关系。🎈积累bear一词的用法。此处换做is cover with也可以。冰心《生命从八十岁开始》……旁边写着“冰心同志八十大寿”……It bears the inscriptions “On the 80th birthday of Comrade Bing Xin”… 🎈磨损、损耗wear and tear。英文中有很多这样押尾韵的表达。前几年，妈妈90岁生日，我决定亲手给她做一套便服衣裤。自认为这是儿子最好的一件礼物，她一定会高兴。Several years ago, to celebrate her 90th birthday, I decided to make her by myself a suit of clothes for everyday wear, consisting of a short coat and a pair of trousers, thinking that it would be the best gift possible from her son and that it would surely delight her much.🎈「我决定亲手给她做一套便服衣裤」译作I decided to make her by myself a suit of clothes for everyday wear, consisting of a short coat and a pair of trousers. 其中，consist of后面部分属于增译部分，欣赏即可，如果在考场上，能翻译出前半部分就算忠实原文。又，便衣裤是everyday wear，其中everyday是形容词，作“日常的”讲。区分every day，这个词可不能作形容词。那天，妈妈接过我缝制的衣服，脸上闪着光亮，眼睛在微笑。As she received the clothes on her birthday, her face brightened up with smiles. 🎈积累brighten up在此句语境中的用法。其英义为to start to look happy again（高兴）例句Oh, I know the answer!’ she said, brightening up.冯骥才《富人区》他眉毛一扬，笑道…he brightened up and said with a smile…何为《困水记》顿时眉飞色舞…he brightened up at once…那天，我满怀幸福地睡了。That night, I had blissful hours of sleep.🎈「满怀幸福地睡了」按「睡梦中很幸福」之意译作had blissful hours of sleep。其中blissful也替换为happy。半夜醒来，我发现了一条灯光从妈妈的门缝里泄出来。Around midnight, I woke up to find lamplight coming in through the crack of her door.🎈午夜时分、半夜Around midnight例句It wasn’t discreet of you to call him around midnight.你半夜打电话给他是不妥的行为。🎈「门窗的缝隙」可用crack一词。是妈妈没有睡？是妈妈忘了熄灯？I wondered if she was staying up late or had gone to bed forgetting to put out the lamplight. 🎈对于问句的处理，有三种办法:1仍以问句译出；2用I wonder…；3若为反问句类型，可用陈述句译出其真正含义。🎈熬夜、睡的很晚stay up late🎈熄灭、扑灭put out例句to put out a candle/cigarette/light熄灭蜡烛/香烟/灯火Firefighters soon put the fire out.消防人员很快把火扑灭了。我下床走向门缝，往她的屋里观望。她正坐在床上，围着被，戴着老花镜，手中拿着我缝制的衣裤，在细细地观看。I got out of bed and peeping into her room through the crack, I saw her sitting on the bed with a quilt draped over her shoulders. With a pair of presbyopic glasses on, she was holding in her hands the suit of clothes I had made and examining it closely.🎈「围着被」意即「肩上披着被」，应译with a quilt draped over her shoulders，不应按字面直译为 covered by a quilt, with a quilt around her等。🎈结合上下文，此处「细细地观看」更侧重于「检查（针脚等）」，故译作examining it closely。🎈「看」的辨析：look、glance、 gaze、stare、glimpse、glare
lookan act of looking at sb/sth 指看、瞧：例如：Here, have a look at this. 来，看一看这个。
glancea quick look 指匆匆一看、一瞥、扫视：例如：She stole a glance at her watch. 她偷偷看了看表。
gazea long steady look at sb/sth 指凝视、注视：例如：She felt embarrassed under his steady gaze. 她在他凝视的目光下感到很尴尬。
starea long look at sb/sth, especially in a way that is unfriendly or that shows surprise 尤指不友善或吃惊的盯、凝视、注视：例如：She gave the officer a blank stare and shrugged her shoulders.她面无表情地盯着那个军官，耸了耸肩。
glimpsea look at sb/sth for a very short time, when you do not see the person or thing completely 指一瞥、一看：例如：He caught a glimpse of her in the crowd. 他在人群里一眼瞥见了她。
glarea long angry look at sb/sth 指长久的怒视、瞪眼：例如：She fixed her questioner with a hostile glare. 她带着敌意瞪着向她提问的人。
她慢慢地摸来一把小剪子。她要干什么？我屏住呼吸。Then she slowly fished out from somewhere a pair of small scissors. What was she up to? I held my breath. 🎈fish out (of sth) 表示「(从…中)取出，拿出，拖出」例句She fished a piece of paper out of the pile on her desk. 她从桌上一大堆纸中抽出了一张。🎈屏住呼吸hold one’s breath倒抽一口冷气draw a cold breath 咽气，断气breathe one’s last 喘不过气out of breath 天哪！原来……原来她用颤颤抖抖的手开始拆卸我为她特意缝制的新衣服。我的心顿时凉了！Good Heavens! So she was going to unstitch with her trembling hands the new clothes I had specially made for her. My heart sank.🎈（表示惊奇或气恼）天哪，我的天Good Heavens!是常用口语表达。🎈表示「开始着手做某事」的多种表达：begin/ start / open / embark on sth / take sth up / set about sth / go about sth/ commence🎈中文中常说「我的心顿时凉了！」「我的心沉到了谷底」，可译为My heart sank。妈妈，这是您60岁的儿子亲手给您缝制的衣服呀！为什么不穿，反而拆成片呢？O mother, that was the suit your 60-year-old son had made for you! Why were you going to unstitch it rather than wear it?🎈instead of 和rather than的区别都有「而不是」的意思。instead of：「代替，而不是」，重点词是of，它是介词，所以后接名词，代词和v-ing形式，尤其需注意的是动词该用动名词形式，即v-ingrather than：「（是……）而不是……」，它是连词，前后成分在形式上必须保持一致，所以后面的结构应该与前面一样，就有可能出现代词主格，动词的各种形式等，不一而足，但关键是要和与它对比的结构形式一致！例句I’ll go there instead of him.I rather than he（与I一致）will go there.Yesterday he walked here instead of driving here.Yesterday he walked here rather than drove（与walked一致）here.过了几天，我实在憋不住了，才问妈妈。Several days later, I couldn’t hold back the question in my mind any more.🎈隐瞒hold back例句You seem to be holding something back.你好像隐瞒了点什么。妈妈盯着我的眼睛，过了半晌，开口说：“你缝的不合格啊！线——扎得不直、不匀，有些粗糙……干活儿可不能这样！”She stared into my eyes for quite a while and then said, “Your needlework isn’t up to standard. The stitches are untidy and uneven. The whole thing is crude … That’s not the way to go about your work.”🎈半晌for quite a while达到标准、合乎标准up to standard🎈从事、进行go about例句We were simply going about our business when we were pounced upon by these police officers.我们像往常一样正干得好好的，却遭到这些警察的突然袭击。她把衣裤都拆了，想背着我重缝起来，可是手不听使唤，缝不成了，She had the whole suit unstitched and wanted to re-sew it behind my back, but she just couldn’t make it, her fingers being all thumbs with age. 🎈 had the whole suit unstitched是have…done的结构。🎈「可是手不听使唤，缝不成了」译为but she couldn’t make it, her fingers being all thumbs with age, 其中 her fingers being all thumbs 源于成语one’s fingers are all thumbs，作「手指笨拙」「手指不灵巧」解。此句也可译为but, being all thumbs with age, she just couldn’t make it。又，make it泛指「成功做成某事」妈妈看着自己那双哆哆嗦嗦的枯手，叹了一口气。Looking at her tremulous wizened hand, she sighed.🎈Looking at her tremulous wizened hand作伴随状语。妈妈劳动一生，我回想了一下，她无论干什么事，的确从不曾让人有些许挑剔。Mother has been diligent with her hands all her life. She always saw to it that she was faultless in whatever she did.🎈「妈妈劳动了一生，我回想了一下」译为Mother has been diligent with her hands all her life即可，第二句可不译。又，第一句的意思是「妈妈一生爱用双手劳动」，如按字面直译为Mother has been working all her life，内涵不尽相同。🎈( She always saw to it that… to see to it that…与to make sure that..同义，作「确保」解。如今，她不能劳动了，可是对儿子的劳动成果，也决不放松一针一线。Now she is too old to work, but she is very strict with my performance. 🎈「对儿子的劳动成果，也决不放松一针一线」旨在说明母亲的「精益求精」「对儿子要求严格」，不用非得按字面意思译出「一针一线」。译作is very strict with my performance即可。我望着妈妈的双手，心想：妈妈教给我的，岂只是不应该缝制不合格的衣服？！The sight of mother’s hands always plunges me into deep thought: Her teaching goes far beyond the making of good clothes.🎈使陷入plunge sb into sth使我陷入沉思plunges me into deep thought🎈「岂止是」译作goes far beyond（不仅仅是）《韩刚90天突破二笔》中国不仅致力于自身发展和造福本国人民……The gains of China’s development go far beyond its borders…🔥必背词汇squirrel cn.松鼠英义A squirrel is a small animal with a long furry tail. Squirrels live mainly in trees.例句Red squirrels are now very rare in Britain.红色松鼠在英国已十分罕见了。stature un.身高，个子英义Someone’s stature is their height.例句She was a little short in stature.她个子较矮。vein cn.静脉英义Your veins are the thin tubes in your body through which your blood flows towards your heart.例句Many veins are found just under the skin.许多静脉血管就在皮肤下面。claw cn. (鸟兽的)爪，脚爪英义The claws of a bird or animal are the thin, hard, curved nails at the end of its feet.例句The cat tried to cling to the edge by its claws.猫试图用爪子抓住边缘。🔥重点表达变形/走样 out of shape自嘲 self-ridicule一块灰绒布 a piece of gray cotton flannel 花草的清香 the faint scent of flowers and plants 鸟儿啼鸣 the tweeting of birds精益求精 try to do better文革 Cultural Revolution利用机会做某事 take the opportunity to do sth.门缝 the crack of her door熬夜 stay up late熄灯 put out the lamplight老花镜 presbyopic glasses 她要干什么？What was she up to?屏住呼吸 hold one’s breath天哪！Good Heavens!合格 up to standard 成功 make it哆哆嗦嗦的枯手 tremulous wizened hand🔥复盘测试变形/走样自嘲一块灰绒布花草的清香鸟儿啼鸣精益求精文革利用机会做某事门缝熬夜熄灯老花镜她要干什么？屏住呼吸天哪！合格成功哆哆嗦嗦的枯手🔥表达对比「开始做某事」有几种表达？…她用颤颤抖抖的手（开始）拆卸我为她特意缝制的新衣服。…she was going to unstitch with her trembling hands the new clothes I had specially made for her. 一两个评论家已经（开始）把这两个名字弄混了。 Already, one or two critics have begun tomuddle the two names…他（开始）追求自己的艺术爱好。He set out to follow his artistic inclinations.她即将（开始）外交生涯。 She is about to embark on a diplomatic career.学年于10月初（开始） The academic year commences at the beginning of October.
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爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
