My Interpretation of On the Teacher廖沫沙Liao Mosha年过五十的老先生，大概总读过韩愈的《师说》。这篇文章里很有几句话值得今天当老师和学生的想一想。Elderly people aged over fifty must have read Han Yu’s On the Teacher. Quite a few remarks in this essay are worthy of contemplation by present-day teachers and pupils.Q：原文该怎么翻译？🎈根据原文可知，「大概总读过韩愈的《师说》」是一句把握很大的推测，因此可译作…must have read Han Yu’s On the Teacher，其中must have done表示接近事实的肯定猜测。🎈「几句话」译作Quite a few remarks，其中remarks强调所表达的内容，若直译为sentences则有失原意，仅仅强调数量意义。例如他说：“孔子曰：三人行，则必有我师。是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。”Take the following for example:“Confucius says: ‘Out of three men, there must be one who can teach me.’So pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor teachers better than their pupils.Some learn the truth earlier than others, and some have special skills — that is all.”Q：原文中的文言文该怎么翻译？🎈在遇到文言文翻译时，首先要把文言文翻译成白话文，然后再翻译成英文。如本文中的「闻道有先后，术业有专攻」，其翻译成白话文的意思为「所知道的道理有先有后，技能学术各人有其专长」，可译作Some learn the truth earlier than others, and some have special skills。🎈「弟子」译作pupils，因pupils虽然常指学童，如中、小学生，但与教师并用时，就不仅限于学童，却泛指「弟子」「门生」，包括「大学生」在内，如teacher and pupil、the master musician’s pupil、one of the professor’s pupils。🎈另外，原文中引用的这几句文言文是儒家理论经典，被引用频率极高，因此我们可以将其翻译作为名句来积累，以便日后学习使用。韩愈的原意，是因为自己接受了门徒，为了抵制当时舆论的非议，所以写这篇文章自解。Han Yu wrote this essay to defend himself against the attack of his time on his having accepted some disciples.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈根据原文内容可知，「自己接受了门徒」即为当时韩愈所遭受的「非议」，因此可译作to defend himself against the attack of his time on his having accepted some disciples，其中his having accepted some disciples为独立主格结构。他的意思是说，自己虽是作了先生，并不一定样样贤于弟子，从他学的人也不一定不如他，人们不必因此而大惊小怪。In his opinion, having disciples was not something to be surprised at because, as a teacher, he was not necessarily better than his disciples in every way, nor his disciples always inferior to him.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈原文的意思是人们不必因为他作了先生而大惊小怪，因为他并不一定样样贤于弟子，从师于他的人也不一定不如他，可译作having disciples was not something to be surprised at because, as a teacher, he was not necessarily better than his disciples in every way, nor his disciples always inferior to him.其中nor his disciples always inferior to him中省略了be动词were，其完整形式为nor were his disciples always inferior to him。本来，只要是一个人闻道在先，不管他是什么人，都可以拜为老师。As a matter of fact, one who has learned the truth earlier than you, no matter who he is, should be acknowledged as a teacher. Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈根据上下文语意，「本来」在这里意为「事实上」，译作As a matter of fact更贴合原意。🎈「都可以拜为老师」在翻译时要体现其暗含的被动语意，译作should be acknowledged as a teacher，其中acknowledge意为「承认（权威、地位）」要学习的是知识，用不着问他“生乎我前”或“生乎吾后”；也用不着要求老师精通百般武艺，只要他有一门是比自己好的，就应该认他为师，向他学习。You need not ask whether he was born before or after you because what matters is the knowledge that he can impart to you. Nor should you presume him to be omniscient. So long as he excels you in one respect, you should learn from him and call him your teacher.Q：原文该怎么翻译？🎈「要学习的是知识，用不着问他‘生乎我前’或‘生乎吾后’」中前后两个小句有明确的因果关系，翻译时要通过添加连词将其体现出来，译作You need not ask whether he was born before or after you because what matters is the knowledge that he can impart to you.其中「‘生乎我前’或‘生乎吾后’」意为「出生在我之前或之后」，翻译时可进行整合was born before or after you。🎈「也用不着要求老师精通百般武艺」译作Nor should you presume him to be omniscient.其中presume意为「假定（某事实）为真」这是讲给求学的人听的。但也可以反过来讲给“传道授业解惑”的老师们听。This advice of mine is addressed to pupils, and teachers as well — teachers whose duty it is “to pass on the truth, impart knowledge and dispel ignorance”.Q：「‘传道授业解惑’的老师们」该怎么翻译？🎈这里的意思是「以‘传道授业解惑’为职责的老师们」，译作teachers whose duty it is ‘to pass on the truth, impart knowledge and dispel ignorance’，其中「传道授业解惑」根据其意思翻译为三个短语即可。“弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子”，这是一个真理，并不是瞎说。老师和学生并没有什么不可逾越的界限。“Pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor teachers better than their pupils” — that is a truth, not a fallacy. There is no impassable demarcation line between teacher and pupil.Q：原文该怎么翻译？🎈「弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子」在上文已经出现过，这里可以与之保持一致，统一译法。🎈「并不是瞎说」译作not a fallacy，其中fallacy意为「谬见，谬误」🎈「老师和学生并没有什么不可逾越的界限」译作There is no impassable demarcation line between teacher and pupil. 其中demarcation侧重强调在工种、人群、土地等方面的划分，区分和界线，用在此处符合原意。在这门知识上老师高于学生，在另一门知识上，学生也可能高于老师；今天老师高于学生，明天学生可能高过老师。这也是辩证法，对立面的统一。While a teacher may be superior to his pupil in one branch of knowledge, the latter may be superior to the former in another. While the teacher may be superior to his pupil today, the latter may be superior to the former tomorrow. That demonstrates the law of dialectics and the unity of opposites.Q：原文中出现多次「老师」和「学生」，翻译时该怎么处理？🎈英文中忌重复，在翻译时特别要注意避免多处表达出现重复的情况，这就需要尽可能转换说法。如「在这门知识上老师高于学生，在另一门知识上，学生也可能高于老师」译作While a teacher may be superior to his pupil in one branch of knowledge, the latter may be superior to the former in another.其中the latter替代前文的his pupil，the former替代a teacher，another则是指another branch of knowledge。老师和学生可以互相转换，学生要向老师学习，老师也有需要向学生学习之处。A kind of interplay exists between teacher and pupil. The pupil should learn from his teacher, but sometimes there may also be something the teacher has to learn from his pupil.Q：「老师和学生可以互相转换」该怎么翻译？🎈根据下文，这一句可以理解为「老师和学生之间可以相互产生影响」，可译作A kind of interplay exists between teacher and pupil.《礼记》的《学记》有一段著名的话，意思也和这相近：“虽有佳肴，弗食，不知其旨也。虽有至道，弗学，不知其善也。A similar idea is expressed by the following well-known passage quoted from Xueji (The Subject of Education), a chapter of the ancient book Liji (The Book of Rites): “However nice the food may be, if one does not eat it, he does not know its taste; however perfect the doctrine may be, if one does not learn it, he does not know its value.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈在前面我们已经遇到过文言文翻译，第一步要做的就是先将原文翻译为通俗的白话文，即「虽然有美食，但是不去品尝的话，就不知道它的味道；虽然有最好的道理，但是不去学习的话，就不知道它的价值。」这样一来，再翻译成英文就相对容易一些，可译作However nice the food may be, if one does not eat it, he does not know its taste; however perfect the doctrine may be, if one does not learn it, he does not know its value.其中However nice the food may be相当于No matter how nice the food may be，充当让步状语从句。是故学然后知不足，教然后知困。知不足，然后能自反也。知困，然后能自强也。Therefore, when he learns, one knows his own deficiencies; when he teaches, one knows where the difficulty lies. After he knows his deficiencies, one is able to examine himself; after he knows where the difficulty lies, one is able to improve himself.Q：原文该怎么翻译？🎈「知困」意为「了解困难所在」，可译作knows where the difficulty lies。由此，下文的「自强」则可以理解为「完善自身」，译作improve himself。在遇到文言文翻译时，通过联系上下文来推测其意思，也不失为一个巧妙方法。故曰：教学相长也。‘说命’曰：‘斅学半’。其此之谓乎！”《礼记》的话着重在自反自强，不如韩愈说得更彻底。Hence, ‘teaching and learning help each other;’ as it is said in Yue Ming, ‘Teaching is the half of learning.’” The above quotation from Liji, which lays emphasis on self-examination and self-improvement, is less thoroughgoing than what Han Yu says about education.Q：「斅学半」该怎么翻译？🎈「斅学半」中的「斅」意思等同于「教」，整个句子的意思为「教与学各占一半」，即教人时才知道有困难，要学习，这样就等于学习的一半了。因此可译作Teaching is the half of learning.🎈‘说命’又称《兑命》，为《尚书》篇名，译作Yue Ming。由此可见，一定的文言文知识储备对于做好翻译也是相当有必要的。🎈「韩愈说」在这里是指韩愈本人对于教育的观点，因此译作what Han Yu says about education。但是它所说的“教然后知困”，“教学相长”，所引的“学半”（就是说教学各居其半，相反而相成），就是在今天说来，也还是颠扑不破的。Nevertheless, its remarks such as “When he teaches one knows where the difficulty lies”, “Teaching benefits teachers as well as pupils” and “Teaching is the half of learning” (a quotation meaning teaching and learning are opposite and complementary to each other) all remain irrefutable to this day.Q：「颠扑不破的」该怎么翻译？🎈「颠扑不破的」是用来比喻理论、学说等正确，驳不倒，推不翻，译作irrefutable，即「无可辩驳的，不可否认的」，符合原意。做先生的必然同时做学生，或者首先做学生，像马克思所说的“教育者必先受教育”，这个道理说来很浅显，但是人们在实际生活中却很不容易承认。To be a teacher, one must at the same time be a student, or be a student first, just as Carl Marx says, “Educators must themselves be educated first.” Though this is plain truth, yet people in their practical life seldom recognize it.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈「做先生的必然同时做学生，或者首先做学生」其中暗含一定的逻辑关系，即「做先生的」为其余内容的一个条件，可以理解为「如果要做先生，就必然…」。可译作To be a teacher, one must at the same time be a student, or be a student first…，其中不定式To be a teacher在这里充当条件状语。特别是当老师当久了的人，或者像韩愈所说的“术业有专攻”的人，就很不容易接受这个辩证法。It is especially hard for teachers of long standing or those with “special skills”, as Han Yu says, to look at this matter dialectically.Q：「当老师当久了的人」该怎么翻译？🎈「当老师当久了的人」是指工龄长、资历老的教师，因此可译作teachers of long standing。🎈「很不容易接受这个辩证法」可以理解为辩证看待上文所提到的内容，可译作to look at this matter dialectically，如此翻译不拘泥于原文字面，但却更符合原文语意。老师们不容易接受这个道理，倒也事出有因。It is not without reason or cause that teachers fail to be readily receptive to the above-mentioned concept.Q：「老师们不容易接受这个道理」该怎么翻译？🎈这一句可译作teachers fail to be readily receptive to the above-mentioned concept，其中readily可以理解为quickly或easily，receptive to/ of则与willing to accept意思相同。🎈「事出有因」即「不是没有理由的」，可译作It is not without reason or cause that，通过双重否定来加强肯定的语气。“弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子”，虽是封建思想的代表者韩愈所提出来的一个观点，但是在封建时代却并不通行。The viewpoint “Pupils are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, nor teachers better than their pupils”, though put forward by Han Yu, himself a feudal-minded scholar typical of his time, was by no means popular in the feudal age.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈「封建思想的代表者韩愈」译作「 …Han Yu, himself a feudal-minded scholar typical of his time」，其中feudal-minded对应原文中的「封建思想」正好相反，“天地君亲师”，在封建时代，老师是同“天地君亲”在一起，居高而临下，弟子哪里能同老师上下平等而又矛盾统一呢？On the contrary, as teachers were ranked high up along with “Heaven, Earth, Sovereign and Parents” as objects of worship in the feudal age, pupils could never be on an equal footing with their teachers to form a unity of opposites. Q：「老师是同‘天地君亲’在一起，居高而临下」该怎么翻译？🎈这里的意思是老师和天、地、君主以及父母的地位一样高，译作teachers were ranked high up along with “Heaven, Earth, Sovereign and Parents” as objects of worship in the feudal age，其中as objects of worship in the feudal age是根据原文内容所做的补充，有助于读者理解。老师毕竟是老师，师道尊严，神圣不可侵犯，弟子毕竟是弟子，怎可以超过老师？这个观点相沿成习。After all, a teacher was a teacher. His teaching profession was dignified, sacred and inviolable. A pupil was a pupil. He was never expected to surpass his teacher. The practice has come down from the past and become customary.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈原文中的观点部分是过去提出的，代表过去的看法，因此在翻译时使用一般过去时态，与下文中当下的新观点进行对比。🎈「相沿成习」意为「从过去流传下来，并成为惯例」，可译作has come down from the past and become customary。新的师生关系，倒真像韩愈所说的，是“不耻相师”。The new relationship between teacher and pupil should be that of, in the words of Han Yu, “not (being) ashamed to learn from each other.”Q：「不耻相师」怎么翻译？🎈这一句的意思是「不以互相学习为耻」，可译作not (being) ashamed to learn from each other。就是互为老师，互为学生，彼此平等，不分尊卑，真正是“道之所存，师之所存”，谁有学问谁就是老师。That is to say, teacher and pupil should teach each other and learn from each other. They should teach each other as equals regardless of seniority, so that, as Han Yu says, “Whoever knows the truth can be a teacher.”Q：「互为老师，互为学生」该怎么翻译？🎈这里的意思是「彼此教导对方，并向对方学习」，译作teach each other and learn from each other。🎈「真正是‘道之所存，师之所存’，谁有学问谁就是老师」中后一句对前一句进行的白话文解释，二者同义，翻译时整合译出即可，Whoever knows the truth can be a teacher.从学生方面来说，应该有“道之所存，师之所存”的尊重真理的精神；从老师方面来说，也应该像孔夫子那样，有一点“三人行，则必有我师”的雅量。Pupils should show the spirit of respecting the truth, learning from whoever knows. Teachers should be so open-minded as to be ready to learn from anyone who knows, just as Confucius says, “Out of three men, there must be one who can teach me.”Q：「有一点‘三人行，则必有我师’的雅量」该怎么翻译？🎈根据「三人行，则必有我师」的含义，这里所指的「雅量」是说老师要保持大度，能够乐于向他人学习。可译作be so open-minded as to be ready to learn from anyone who knows, just as Confucius says, ‘Out of three men, there must be one who can teach me.’韩愈援引孔子的先例，作出判断说，“圣人无常师”。这句话的意思，是说真正聪明有学问的人，没有一定的老师；见人有学问，不管是谁，就认他为师。Han Yu, going by Confucius’ teaching, asserts that “a sage has no definite teacher”, meaning that a really wise and learned person has no fixed teacher and that he learns from whoever knows.Q：「援引孔子的先例」该怎么翻译？🎈这句可译作going by Confucius’ teaching，其中going by是成语，意为「依照，遵循」。「孔子的先例」是指「孔子的教导」，译作Confucius’ teaching，将原文语意具体化。🎈「圣人无常师」以及「没有一定的老师」中的「常」和「一定的」都是指「固定的」「确定的」「不会改变的」，因此可译作definite、fixed等。我想还得给他添一句：“师亦无常道，”就是当老师的并不经常等于真理。I think I may as well add, “No teacher is all-knowing,” meaning that no teacher is infallible.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈原文中的「师亦无常道」和「当老师的并不经常等于真理」意义相同，都指老师并不是无所不知的，并不是永无过失的，可译作‘No teacher is all-knowing,’meaning that no teacher is infallible.一个当老师的人，既要勇于坚持自己的真理，又要勇于承认自己的非真理。A teacher should have the courage not only to hold firmly to the truth but also to admit his mistake.Q：「承认自己的非真理」该怎么翻译？🎈根据上文内容可知，「承认自己的非真理」是指「承认自己的错误」，译作to admit his mistake。要保持师位的，不妨试一试这条方案，同学生们一道来为科学真理奋斗。All devoted teachers might as well put this into practice so that they can strive, together with their pupils, for scientific knowledge and the truth.Q：「要保持师位的」该怎么翻译？🎈「要保持师位的」是指「忠于或热爱教师这一职业的老师们」，可译作All devoted teachers。🎈「科学真理」译作scientific knowledge and the truth，要比按照字面直译为scientific truth内涵更加宽泛，符合原文语意。在另一方面，当学生的也应当了解；既然师和弟子的关系并不以师必贤于弟子、弟子必不如师为条件，那末，今天的学生在看到老师的某一方面的短处以后，也就不应该马上得到结论说，老师再不能作老师了。某一方面的短处并不等于一切方面的短处；反之，某一方面的长处也并不等于一切方面的长处。On the other hand, however, pupils should also understand this: when they discover a teacher’s weak point in a certain respect, they should not jump to the conclusion that he is no longer qualified as a teacher, because the weak point in one respect does not mean the weak point in all respects and, likewise, the strong point in a certain point does not mean the strong point in all respects.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈「既然师和弟子的关系并不以师必贤于弟子、弟子必不如师为条件」原文中以多次提及这一观点，这里在翻译时可以不再赘述，进行省译。🎈根据原文内容可知，「某一方面的短处并不等于一切方面的短处；反之，某一方面的长处也并不等于一切方面的长处。」为前文的原因，因此翻译时可通过添加连接词的方式来体现其因果关系。今天的学生担负着重大的使命，应该深切地认识自己知识的还很有限，必须虚心地向一切有所知、有所长的人学习，特别是向“术业有专攻”的老师们学习！这就是我的《师说》解。Students of today, shouldering a great historical task, should deeply understand how limited their knowledge is and how important it is for them to learn modestly from all those who have knowledge and strong points, especially teachers who “have special skills”! That is all I can say about On the Teacher.Q：这一句该怎么翻译？🎈「必须虚心地向一切有所知、有所长的人学习」译作how important it is for them to learn modestly from all those who have knowledge and strong points，其中how important it is for them to是增译成分，是根据对原文内容的理解所作的补充。🔥必背词汇disciple n.信徒；门徒；追随者英义a person who believes in and follows the teachings of a religious or political leader 例句It was natural , then, that Thoreau should be widely regarded as a disciple of Emerson.因此, 梭罗自然被公认为爱默生的弟子.acknowledge v.承认（权威、地位）英义to accept that sb./sth. has a particular authority or status 例句He is widely acknowledged to be the best player in the world.普遍认为他是世界最佳球员。omniscient adj.无所不知的；全知全能的；博闻广识的英义knowing everything 例句The novel has an omniscient narrator.这部小说有一个全知全能的叙述者。demarcation n.（工种、人、土地等的）划分，区分，界线英义a border or line that separates two things, such as types of work, groups of people or areas of land 例句It was hard to draw clear lines of demarcation between work and leisure.在工作和闲暇之间很难划出明确的界限。receptive adj.（对新观点、建议等）愿意倾听的，乐于接受的英义willing to listen to or to accept new ideas or suggestions 例句She was always receptive to new ideas.她总是愿意接受新观点。sovereign n.君主；元首英义a nation’s ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right 例句King George was the sovereign of England.乔治王是英国的君主.inviolable adj.不容亵渎的；不可侵犯的；不容破坏的英义that must be respected and not attacked or destroyed 例句Basic law or tradition was considered inviolable.基本法律或传统被认为神圣不可侵犯.infallible adj.永无过失的；一贯正确的英义never wrong; never making mistakes 例句Although he was experienced, he was not infallible.尽管他经验丰富，却并非不会出错。shoulder v.承担；担负英义to accept the responsibility for sth. 例句He has had to shoulder the responsibility of his father’s mistakes. 他得为他父亲的过错承担责任。🔥重点表达年过五十的 aged over fifty值得想一想 be worthy of contemplation抵制舆论的非议 defend oneself against the attack of精通百般武艺 be omniscient不可逾越的界限 impassable demarcation line辩证法 the law of dialectics对立面的统一 the unity of opposites互相转换 A kind of interplay exists between…自反自强 self-examination and self-improvement颠扑不破的 remain irrefutable当…当久了的 …of long standing…事出有因 It is not without reason or cause that…不容易接受 fail to be readily receptive to封建思想的代表者 a feudal-minded scholar typical of his time同…上下平等 be on an equal footing with相沿成习 come down from the past and become customary彼此平等，不分尊卑 …as equals regardless of seniority援引 go by坚持 hold firmly to担负着重大的使命 shoulder a great historical task🔥复盘测试年过五十的值得想一想抵制舆论的非议精通百般武艺不可逾越的界限辩证法对立面的统一互相转换自反自强颠扑不破的当…当久了的…事出有因不容易接受封建思想的代表者同…上下平等相沿成习彼此平等，不分尊卑援引坚持担负着重大的使命🔥表达对比有关「坚持」的不同说法但是，诺拉坚持要回去。But Nora insisted upon going back.你仍坚持力的表现，you still persist in displaying your power如果想在写作上有所建树，就要保持一尺深的热爱，也就是说，坚持写完一尺厚废稿。 If you want to achieve something in writing, you must maintain a passion that’s one foot deep. In other words, you should keep on writing until your rejected manuscripts accumulate to one foot thick.儿子说父亲老了，不让父亲爬。父亲却坚持要爬，父亲不放心儿子。 The son tried to dissuade his father from climbing, but the father was persistent, saying he would be worried to death if he let his son take all the risks alone.广州暨南大学的南海问题专家张明亮说：“坚持这种外交政策很困难，因为几十年来公众接受的教育一直都是民族主义的观点。” “It is going to be very difficult to stick to this foreign policy line because the public has been educated to a nationalist view for decades,” says Zhang Mingliang, a South China Sea expert at Jinan University in Guangzhou.一个当老师的人，既要勇于坚持自己的真理，又要勇于承认自己的非真理。A teacher should have the courage not only to hold firmly to the truth but also to admit his mistake.
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爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
