Three Fables施蛰存Shi Zhecun🔥背景知识：施蛰存（1905-2003），中国现代著名作家、文学翻译家、学者，生于杭州，长于苏州，辛亥革命后随家迁居江苏松江（现属上海市），1922年考进杭州之江大学，次年入上海大学，开始文学活动和创作，晚年执教于华东师范大学中文系。《寓言三则》是他写于1928年的一篇短文。（一）稻草人和饿了的刺猬The Scarecrow and the Hungry Hedgehogs瓜、豆和茄子种满着的园里，矗立着一个人。In a vegetable garden thickly planted with melons, beans and eggplants, stood a tall, upright man.🎈「种满着…」译thickly planted with，thickly这里指「长得繁茂的，布满的」🎈「矗立」如只译为stood并未能把意思表达充分，通过tall, upright这两个词充分表达了「高高挺立着」，更准确。又，修饰同一名词的两个形容词之间不加and的情况很常见。🎈此句译文为倒装结构：地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子完全倒装，将整个谓语动词或整个谓语部分放在主语前面。第一夜，小心的刺猬们都从它们的土穴里探出来找寻食物。On the first night, the timid hedgehogs popped their heads out of the holes in the ground to see if there was any food available.🎈「小心的」这里应理解为「胆怯，瞻前顾后的」，译为timid。🎈此处pop作动词，表示「（迅速或突然）放置」，常用搭配时pop…adv/sp.四面窥望，瓜、豆和茄子，是丰盛的筵席。They looked around and found they could enjoy a big dinner with the vegetables growing in the garden.🎈「四面窥望」原文省略主语，英译时应根据上下文补充They，这是中英两种语言比较常见的差异之处。中文多见省略主语的排比短句，而英文较注重句法形式。另，found为便于下文连接，原文隐含的信息。🎈with the vegetables growing in the garden: with复合结构作状语，具体是哪种状语可根据其表意有不同解读。但是，在茄子畦边，站着一个守夜的人。But the trouble was there was a night watchman standing beside the eggplant patch. 🎈the trouble was是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。🎈there be sth/sb to do和there be sth/sb doing的区别：
there be sth/sb to do通常表示动作尚未发生。例句There was nobody to look after the child.注：当其中的sth/sb与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式。例句There is much homework to do. = There is much homework to be done.
there be sth/sb doing通常表示动作正在发生。例句There are many boys playing basketball.
🎈「畦」即（种有某种植物或农作物的）小块土地，译为patch。被人的威严慑伏了，恍惚耳朵里听见了叱骂声，它们忍耐着饥饿退缩进它低窄而潮湿的地下室去。And they seemed to hear him bawling out a string of curses at them. So all they could do was shrink back to their narrow, dampcellar on an empty stomach.🎈「忍耐着饥饿」并未译为hungry, 而是选择了更贴切的表达on an empty stomach。🎈bawl out… at sb或bawl sb out、bawl out sb表示「痛骂、大声责备」🎈So是增译成分，点明逻辑关系，使上下文衔接更顺畅。🎈all they could do was shrink…主系表结构中「前有do后省to」all是不定代词，作先行词，用that引导定语从句。all that无论位于什么地方，that作从句中的宾语时可以省略，作从句中的主语时不能省。如All (that) you can do is to study hard 可以省，因为that在定从中作do的宾语。All that can be done is done.不能省，因为that是定从中的主语。🎈on an empty stomach表示空腹的状态，是固定搭配。例句Millions of children in Africa go to school on an empty stomach.数百万非洲儿童空腹上学。第二夜，腹中雷鸣着的刺猬们再偷偷地出来。On the second night, the hedgehogs came out stealthily again, their stomachs rumbling with hunger.🎈「腹中雷鸣」译stomachs rumbling with hunger，是独立主格结构。又，此处通过rumble（肚子因饥饿而）咕噜作响，发出咕咕声一词形象地展现了刺猬们饥肠辘辘的场景。瓜、豆和茄子，越发丰肥得可口了，它们都流着口涎。肚子里越响了。They started drooling at the sight of the ripening melons, beans and eggplants. The tempting vegetables made their stomachs rumble even more loudly.🎈一看到……at the sight of一想到……at the thought of例句He boggled at the thought of swimming in winter.他想到要在冬天游泳就有些犹豫。🎈「流着口涎」和「肚子里越响」均为看到丰肥的蔬菜之后表现出的反应。故第二句译文选择让vegetables再次出现，将其作为主语，引出后面的「肚子响」。又，原文提到的是「丰肥得可口」，译文将这两个词分别译作ripening和tempting，置于两句译文中，并无漏译。但是守夜人还在着。它们互相推挽着，想悄悄地走向距离最近的那个瓜棚。But the watchman was still there. They pushed and shoved one another, trying furtively to get to the melon awning–a place nearest to them.🎈「互相推挽」译为pushed and shoved one another，shove是「猛推」的意思。又，one another是「互相」的意思例句We all try and help one another.我们都尽力互相帮助。🎈「最近的」英译时调整了位置放到了句末。🎈「瓜棚」译为melon awning，awning是（篷车或建筑物上的）遮阳篷，雨篷。🎈trying furtively to get to the melon awning作伴随状语。🎈破折号后成分起解释说明的作用。忽然吹起了一阵风，那个守夜人，在手里挥动着蒲扇向前走来。Then, at a sudden gust of wind, the watchman stirred waving the fan in his hand. 🎈a gust of wind 一阵狂风，阵风。其中，gust或wind前可增添形容词，进一步说明风的特征。如此处的一阵冷风a gust of cold wind、忽然一阵风at a sudden gust of wind。🎈stir作动词，表示「身体稍稍晃动」。这是因为守夜人其实是稻草人，是无法真正移动的，所以「向前走来」的动作准确来说是「原地晃动」。又，waving the fan in his hand作伴随状语。各自身上打了一个寒噤，它们全都逃避了回去。Shivering with fear, the hedgehogs all scurried back to their cellar.🎈「全都逃避了回去」和前文「退缩进它低窄而潮湿的地下室去」表意相同，现译作scurried back to their cellar。第三夜。全体的刺猬都瘦了。On the third night, all the hedgehogs looked emaciated.🎈（因疾病或饥饿而）消瘦的，骨瘦如柴的译为emaciated。饥饿使它们在地下室里开会。Starvation impelled them to hold a meeting in the cellar.🎈「使…（开会）」这里指的是饥饿难耐，这种感觉激励推动刺猬们做出行动，用impelled （激励，迫使）译出。甲说：与其饿，不如死。乙说：与其饿，不如死。丙说：与其饿，不如死。Hedgehog A cried out, “Rather die than go hungry.”Hedgehog B cried out, “Rather die than go hungry.”Hedgehog C cried out, “Rather die than go hungry.”🎈甲乙丙丁是中文特有的指代方式，英语分别用了ABCD，这种翻译方法值得借鉴。🎈这里的「说」其实并非单纯的「说话」，结合上下文刺猬们下了很大决心，这些激昂的短语几乎都是「喊」出来的，所以译为cried out。🎈rather do A than do B 宁愿做A也不做B这个会就是这样地决议了。它们全体出发，怀了必死的心。A resolution was adopted. They all set out, ready to risk death.🎈「这个会就是这样地决议了」按「就这样决定了/决议就这样定下了」之意译作A resolution was adopted。🎈中文说的怀了「必死」的心其实并非真的想要去死，而是「冒着极大生命危险（去做某事)」，应译为ready to risk death（冒着死的危险）🎈ready to risk death是补充语，对主语状态进一步补充说明。也可理解为现在分词作伴随状语，系动词be的现在分词作状语时，通常省略being。在朦胧的月光下，守夜人还装着威严矗立着手里挥动着扇子，这依旧使它们退缩在土穴的门口。In the dim moonlight, however, the watchman stood waving his fan with feigned impressiveness. So the hedgehogs cowered and stuck closely to their holes. 🎈「朦胧的月光」译dim moonlight，dim是 「(光线)昏暗的，暗淡的」或「(人影、物体)隐约的，蒙眬的，不分明的」🎈「装着威严」译feigned impressiveness， feign是「装作，假装，冒充（feeling, attitude, or physical condition）」，impressiveness这里作「威严」🎈「退缩在…」译cowered and stuck closely，cower是「(因恐惧而)蜷缩，畏缩」。stuck closely描写刺猬们挤在一起的情形，更形象地说明了「退缩」这一动作，stuck原形是stick。“与其饿，不如死。”一个奇怪的声音在它们每个刚毛的耳朵里突然响亮着。“去呀!”“Rather die than go hungry,” a strange voice suddenly began to ring in their little ears. “Let’s go!”🎈go hungry意为「挨饿」，是惯用表达。例句Refugees often go hungry.难民时常挨饿。在每个刺猬的胃里装满了瓜、豆和茄子的时候，稻草的守夜人是显得更无用了。When each hedgehog had eaten his fill of the melons, beans and eggplants, the watchman seemed all the more helpless. 🎈「胃里装满了」可按照「吃饱了…」翻译，译had eaten his fill of ，eat one’s fill of…（吃饱…）是英语固定搭配。Q: all the more的用法。🎈（摘自英语常用词疑难用法手册）中国人不习惯使用这个词组，因为译成中文是「更加」，似乎同英文的more或even more差不多。但其实all the more表示的「更加」，是前后文说出了原因或隐含不明言原因的，而简单的more或even more则不涉及原因。例句For this very reason, their recklessness is all the harder to forgive. 正是由于这个原因，他们的鲁莽就更难原谅。在地下室里，刺猬们开着庆祝会。Down in the cellar, the hedgehogs held a meeting to celebrate their victory.🎈Down in可以理解成现down（动作：退回洞穴）后in（状态：在洞穴里）。个人觉得用Down the cellar（down此时是介词，表示「在某处」例句People are down the pub, getting drunk.人们在酒吧，喝得烂醉。）或者In the cellar也是完全可行的。甲说：不要怕无用的威权。乙说：胜利是属于饿夫的。丙说：饿夫是不会死的。不啊！永远存在的。Hedgehog A exclaimed, “Never fear worthless bigwigs!”Hedgehog B exclaimed, “Victory to the starvelings!”Hedgehog C exclaimed, “Starvelings will never die. No, never. They live forever.”🎈「无用的威权」的「权威」英译根据上下文作了转换，译为bigwigs（含讽刺、戏谑）大人物🎈starvelings指「挨饿的人」🎈「不啊！」译No, never ，请注意这种口号翻译，简短、情绪强烈。于是，全体欢呼了。Thereupon, the crowd broke into an ovation.🎈欢呼break into an ovation（二）寒暑计The Thermometer壁上挂着寒暑计。There was a thermometer hanging on the wall.🎈译文是there be sth/sb doing句型。天冷了，里面的水银下降；暖了，它上升。The mercury dropped when it got cold, and rose when it got warm. 🎈when it got cold/warm中的it就是表天气句型中出现的it。没有差错。人说它是一个好的寒暑计。It was operating with unerring accuracy. People called it a good thermometer.🎈「没有差错」可理解为「运行一贯准确无误」，译It was operating with unerring accuracy，unerring是「从未出错的」一天，它怀疑了它的生活：“我为什么要随着气候行动呢。我愿意向上，就向上；我愿意向下，就向下。甚至我愿意休息，休息就得了。我似乎应当尊重自己的趣味。”One day, however, it became skeptical of its own lifestyle. “Why should I act by always keeping pace with weather?” it thought aloud. “I’ll rise or drop as I please. I’ll take a rest whenever I want to. It seems I should follow my own inclination.”🎈这里的however是增译成分，前边提到寒暑计「没有差错」的生活而现在它却想打破这种情况，一个比较大的转折，这样的增译使得译文更流畅。🎈「随着．．．」译keeping pace with ．．．，英文固定短语是「与．．．保持一致，跟上．．．节奏」的意思。🎈think aloud表示「自言自语」🎈「休息」译作take a rest、have a rest均可。🎈「趣味」这里应理解为「个人喜好」，译inclination。它决定了这样的自己尊重，不再留意着外面的空气了。So it decided on acting on its own, and no longer paid attention to weather. 🎈「这样的自己尊重」这里理解为「按照自己的方式行事」，译acting on its own。🎈「外面的空气」根据上下文应理解为「天气」，译weather。它在壁上自由行动。于是人说它是一个废物，把它摔在地上了。It became a maverick on the wall. Consequently, people called it trash and threw it away to the ground.🎈「自由行动」英译进行了词性转换，由动词短语译为名词maverick（标新立异或特立独行的人）🎈「于是」并未简单译为And then，而是译为更符合语境的Consequently，突出寒暑计因不按环境变化而产生的后果。 （三）风•火•煤•山Wind•Fire•Coal•Mountain山脚下，住着一个铁匠。他天天生旺了铁炉工作着。There lived a blacksmith at the foot of a mountain. Every day he would stand working beside his blazing furnace.🎈smith表示「锻工」，可与各种金属组合在一起，构成新单词，如goldsmith金匠, gunsmith枪炮匠, locksmith锁匠, silversmith银匠。🎈Every day he would stand working中stand的一点说明：该动词可以是行为动词,也可以是系动词。该动词可以充当双重谓语（表示行为），同时也可以起系动词作用（表示状态）有一天早晨，小学生张和赵上学去，走过铁匠的家。他正在用风箱扇旺炉里的火。炽红的火焰都从煤块底下猛力地透上来。One morning, when primary school pupils Zhang and Zhao were walking past the smithy on their way to school, they saw the blacksmith pumping a bellows to urge the fire in his furnace and blazing flames shooting up vigorously from under the coals.🎈「（扇）旺炉里的火」译to urge the fire，urge的原意是「敦促或催促（去做某事）」🎈「煤块底下」译from under the coals，其中coals指「煤块」，尤其是「燃烧着的煤块」，而coal则泛指「煤炭」🎈「（火焰）猛力地透上来」译shooting up vigorously ，shoot up固定搭配「猛增，迅速增长」🎈they saw the blacksmith pumping a bellows to urge the fire in his furnace and blazing flames shooting up vigorously from under the coals：saw后跟两个部分，一个是「铁匠the blacksmith +V-ing」，另一个是「炽红的火焰blazing flames+ V-ing」张的小脑袋里忽然想起了一个问题：“为什么要拉这个风箱？”他问。赵说：“你笨，不扇风，火怎么会旺？”A question popped into Zhang’s little brain. “Why is he using the bellows?” he asked. Zhao asked in reply, “You silly, how could he make the fire burn better without using the bellows?”🎈asked in reply若写作replied也可以。只是前一种译法与回答的内容（反问句）有所呼应。于是他们争执着一个问题：风和火谁的能为大？Then they started quarrelling over this question: Which was more capable, wind or fire? 🎈为…而争吵quarrel over…quarrel可作动词，也可作名词。例句There was a bitter quarrel over it.对此，争论相当激烈。没有风，火不会旺，没有火，风便吹了个空。Without fire, wind would be blowing for nothing. 🎈without介词短语表示虚拟条件，其虚拟形式与if引导的非真实条件状语从句类似。他们解决不了，要铁匠下一个判断。Unable to settle the quarrel, they asked the blacksmith to draw a conclusion.🎈「下一个判断」即「给个结论」，现译作draw a conclusion（得出结论）“要是炉子里的煤不燃着火，风也没用，火也没用。所以这是煤的能为大。可是那边的山如果不几百年几千年的把那些树干兽骨重重地压在地下，我们也一辈子不会有这炉子里的煤。所以，你们去想，谁的能为大。”“Neither wind nor fire would be any good if coals in the furnace didn’t burn,” said the blacksmith. “So coal has greater capability. But we would never have coal had it not been for the tree trunks and animal skeletons buried deep under mountains for hundreds or thousands of years. Now think it over and see which has greater capability.”🎈学习「风也没用，火也没用」译作Neither wind nor fire…，简洁明了。🎈「如果…重重压在地下」这句的英译But we would never have coal had it not been for…运用了倒装had it not been for…（要不是）。又，「重重地压在」这里应理解为「深深地埋在…」，因此译为buried deep under …🎈仔细考虑;认真思考think over例句I suggest you think over your position very carefully.我建议你认真考虑一下你的处境。这两个孩子就是这样学会了这个故事。他们微笑着上路。望着那个蠢笨的山。Having heard out the story, the two kids walked away smilingly and gazed at the yonder bulky mountain. 🎈此句英译时重新整合句式，译为一个分词短语及并列句Having heard out the story, …walked away…and gazed at…。其中，「就是这样学会了这个故事」处理成分词短语Having heard out the story。这样处理之后，结构逻辑都更紧密。Hear out英语固定搭配，是「听…把话说完」“你的能为大。你再压出几千吨煤块来，让我们燃烧，让我们用风吹。”张说。“让我们看再美丽的火花。”赵说。“You’re more capable,” Zhang addressed the mountain. “Give us more coal from your deposits so that we can burn it with the help of wind.”“Let’s enjoy seeing still more brilliant sparks flying out of the furnace,” said Zhao.🎈you指上句提到的the yonder bulky mountain。🎈「压出几千吨煤块来」译作Give us more coal from your deposits。「压出」与上文对应，表明煤块的来源是地下的树干兽骨，即deposits。又「几千吨」并未按数字译出，而是用more(coal)传达。🔥必背词汇scarecrow cn.(插在田里吓鸟用的)稻草人英义A scarecrow is an object in the shape of a person, which is put in a field where crops are growing in order to frighten birds away.例句Then he took a poke at my hair, telling me I looked like a scarecrow!然后他开始嘲笑我的头发,说我看起来像个稻草人！hedgehog cn.刺猬英义A hedgehog is a small brown animal with sharp spikes covering its back.例句Hedgehogs are inactive in winter.刺猬在冬天不活动。eggplant n.茄子英义An eggplant is a vegetable with a smooth, dark purple skin.例句He likes to eat eggplant.他喜欢吃茄子。drool v.流口水，垂涎英义If a person or animal drools, saliva drops slowly from their mouth.例句My dog Jacques is drooling on my shoulder.我的狗雅克在我肩膀上流着口水。patch cn.种有某种植物或农作物的小块土地英义A patch of land is a small area of land where a particular plant or crop grows.例句a patch of wild cornflowers一小片野矢车菊🔥重点表达种满着… thickly planted with矗立着一个人 stood a tall, upright man畦 patch忍耐着饥饿 on an empty stomach腹中雷鸣 stomachs rumbling with hunger互相推挽 pushed and shoved one another瓜棚 melon awning骨瘦如柴的 emaciated怀了必死的心 ready to risk death朦胧的月光 dim moonlight装着威严 feigned impressiveness胃里装满了… had eaten his fill of …无用的威权 worthless bigwigs没有差错operating with unerring accuracy随着．．．keeping pace with ．．．趣味 inclination这样的自己尊重 acting on its own自由行动 a maverick扇旺炉里的火 to urge the fire猛力地透上来 shooting up vigorously想起 popped into（Zhang’s little）brain赵说Zhao asked in reply能为大 greater capability重重地压在buried deep under …就是这样学会了这个故事 Having heard out the story美丽的火花 brilliant sparks 🔥复盘测试种满着… 矗立着一个人 畦 忍耐着饥饿 腹中雷鸣 互相推挽 瓜棚 骨瘦如柴的 怀了必死的心 朦胧的月光 装着威严 胃里装满了… 无用的威权 没有差错 随着．．．趣味 这样的自己尊重 自由行动 扇旺炉里的火 猛力地透上来 想起赵说 能为大 重重地压在 就是这样学会了这个故事 美丽的火花 🔥表达对比「害怕」有几种表达？甲说：“不要（怕）无用的威权。”Hedgehog A exclaimed, “Never fear worthless bigwigs!”别（害怕）。 Don’t be afraid.我知道你们很（害怕）。 I know you’re scare.我很（害怕）。 I’m terrified.当那场激烈的小战斗进行时，我根本没有时间思索，也不知当时是不是（害怕）。 While the brush lasted, I had not the time to think if I was frightened.我们大部分人都（害怕）当众讲话，但如果你把它看做是一种简单的交流，或是对他人的帮助而已，那么你就不会紧张了。 Most of us dread making a speech to a group, but if you think of it as simple communication or helping others, you won’t be nervous.
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施蛰存《寓言三则》 
爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
