The Secret of Longevity ——Ji Xianlin🔥背景知识：《长寿之道》是我国著名教育家、印度学家、散文家李羡林(1911- ) 写于1997年10月的一篇随笔。🎈题目「长寿之道」本可译为The Way to Live a Long Life，现译The Secret of Longevity (其中Secret作「秘诀」「诀窍」解)，意思基本相同，但较醒目简练，便于上口。我已经到了望九之年，可谓长寿矣。因此经常有人向我询问长寿之道，养生之术。Approaching ninety, I’m really old. People often ask me for advice on how to keep fit and live a long life.🎈「望九之年」意即「接近九十岁」「年近九十」，可译为Approaching ninety 或 Close to ninety。🎈「养生之术」可译为 the way to keep fit或the way to keep in good health。我敬谨答曰：“养生无术是有术。”The answer I would give is, “The best way to keep fit is by making no efforts towards it.”🎈「我敬谨答曰……」如译为The answer I beg to give is… ，嫌如正式客套语，故译The answer I would give is… ，其中would有「愿意」的含义，常见于表达、劝告、意见的句中。这话看似深奥，其实极为简单明了。That sounds profound, but is in fact very simple.🎈「看似深奥」译作sounds profound（听似深奥），更符合情境。我有两个朋友，十分重视养生之道。每天锻炼身体，至少要上两个钟头。Two friends of mine put in great efforts to keep in good health. They spent at least two hours per day doing physical exercise.🎈「十分重视养生之道」按 「在养生上下了大功夫」之意译作put in great efforts to keep in good health。🎈锻炼身体do physical exercise曹操诗曰：“对酒当歌，人生几何？” Cao Cao says in one of his poems like this:Cup to cup calls for song,Man’s life — how long?🎈Cao Cao (formerly translated as Ts’ao Ts’ao. 155-220), military strategist, statesman and writer during the Three Kingdoms.🎈「哥」与「何」押韵，song和long押韵。耳熟能详的《山行》（杜牧）中「远上寒山石径斜,白云生处有人家」，我们在读诗时，常把「斜」发成「xiá」的音，就是为了和下句中的「家（jiā）」押韵。人生不过百年，每天费上两个钟头，统计起来，要有多少钟头啊！Few people live to be 100. Two hours per day during one’s lifetime — what a tremendous amount of time it would add up to!🎈「人生不过百年」按「很少有人活到一百岁」之意译为Few people live to be 100。🎈合计达，总计为add up to利用这些钟头，能做多少事情呀！And what a lot could be done with that much time!🎈what a lot could be done是what引导的感叹句，其中a lot作代词。a lot是否用作代词可根据其词性判断。如果真有用，也还罢了。It would have been all right though if my two friends’ physical exercise had really helped.🎈本句涉及if引导的非真实条件句，对过去事实进行假设，条件从句谓语动词形式为「had+过去分」，主句谓语动词形式为「should/would/could/might + have+过去分词」Q: It would have been all right though中though是什么意思？🎈此处，though作副词，译为 「不过」。例句I’m a little nervous about the trip, though.不过，关于这次旅行，我还是感到有些不安。其功能为：to add a fact or an opinion that makes the previous statement less strong or less important他们二人，一个先我而走，一个卧病在家，不能出门。But fact is, one of the two has passed away before me and the other now never shows up, being confined to bed with illness.🎈「他们二人、一个先我而走……」译为But fact is, one of the two has passed away before me，其中But, fact is是译文中的增译成分，fact is等于 the fact is that。🎈「一个卧病在家，不能出门」译为the other now never shows up, being confined to bed with illness，其中用never shows up 表达「不能岀门」，为灵活处理。又，confined to bed with illness的意思是「卧病不起」因此，我首创了三“不”主义：不锻炼，不挑食，不嘀咕，名闻全国。I’m known to all for having initiated three Nos, namely, no exercising, no picky eating, no grumbling.🎈此处将句子整合，按「我以 ‘首创三不主义’闻名于世」之意译为I’m known to all for ……句型。我这个三不主义，容易招误会，我现在利用这个机会解释一下。My three Nos, however, are apt to be misunderstood. So I need to take this opportunity to make an explanation.🎈易于、倾向于 be apt to do🎈利用这个机会/凭借这个优势 take this opportunity/advantage to🎈注意misunderstand属不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词均为misunderstood。我并不绝对反对适当的体育锻炼。但不要过头。Exercise, if moderate, is all right, but I disapprove of overdoing it.🎈「适当的体育锻炼」中的「适当的」意即「不过分的」「适度的」，故用moderate一词表达。 🎈「过头」即「（做的）过火，过度」，译为overdo。前缀over-常表示此意，如overachieve超额完成。一个人如果天天望长寿如大旱之望云霓，而又绝对相信体育锻炼，则此人心态恐怕有点失常，反不如顺其自然为佳。One who overrates physical training while dreaming of living a long life must be mentally unbalanced. He should learn to let things take their own course.🎈「一个人如果……则……」除去译作if句型，此处one who…is…句型也是很好的选择。🎈「天天望长寿如大旱之望云霓」中「如大旱之望云霓」强调（此人）对长寿的渴望程度，可对应译出，也可学习此处，译为dream of，意为「梦想、渴望」🎈「绝对相信体育锻炼」译作overrates physical training，其中overrate意为「对……评价过高、高估」，由前缀over-和动词rate构成，手机应用中常见的「给app评价」就用的rate一词。🎈心态不稳、精神失常be mentally unbalanced🎈顺其自然 let things take their own course至于不挑食，常见有人年才逾不惑，就开始挑食，蛋黄不吃，动物内脏不吃，As to picky eating, I often find people barely over forty becoming very choosy about food. They abstain from eating egg yolks and tripe.🎈「常见有人……」即「常发现有人……」，故译作find。🎈「才逾不惑」意即「还不到四十岁」，译为barely over forty。🎈「动物内脏」本可按字面直译为the internal organs of animals或animal entrails，均不理想，今译tripe，本指牛、羊、猪肚(俗称杂碎），且为熟食，切合上下文，故选用之。🎈「开始挑食」译作becoming very choosy about food。其中become包含了be动词所不包含的「状态转变」的意思，即「开始」之意。每到吃饭，战战兢兢，如履薄冰，窘态可掬，看了令人失笑。They behave gingerly at table as if treading on thin ice. The embarrassment they show cannot but evoke laughter from all. 🎈此处由gingerly（小心谨慎地、战战兢兢地），可以联系到和它长的很像的单词ginger（生姜），而由ginger又可以扩展出许多单词，比如gingerbread（姜饼）、gingernut（姜汁饼干）等等。扩充词汇量有多种方法，比如图片法、联想法、词根词缀等等。我个人觉得，每个人在记忆单词时有自己专属的脑回路和记忆点，不用盲目崇拜某一种方法，背单词唯有多见+重复。🎈如履薄冰as if treading on thin ice🎈「令人失笑」即「引众人大笑」，故译为evoke laughter from all。以这种心态而欲求长寿，岂非南辕而北辙！Acting with such a mentality, they can only end up in defeating their own purpose of increased longevity.🎈以……结尾、告终end up in🎈Acting with such a mentality作条件状语。🎈「岂非南辕而北辙」此处意同「长寿计划落空」，故译为defeating their own purpose of increased longevity。补充廖承志《致蒋经国信》中提到了poles apart的表达，其作widely separated解，译成中文可为「南辕北撤、大相径庭、海天相隔」等。例句Their body language was icy, their opinions poles apart. It was a sign of the tough talks that lie ahead.他们的身体语言很冰冷，他们的观点大相径庭。我个人认为，第三点最为重要。对什么事情都不嘀嘀咕咕，To my mind, the last of the three Nos, i.e., avoid grumbling under any circumstances, is the most important.🎈在我看来，我个人认为To my mind🎈「第三点」译作the third也可。🎈 i.e.意为「亦即;也就是」，avoid grumbling under any circumstances是同位语成分。🎈虽然此处是the most important，复习最高级前不加the的情况：①形容词最高级前有物主代词时，不再加the。例句Wu Fen is my best friend. 吴芬是我最要好的朋友。②形容词最高级在句中作表语而比较范围又不明确时，最高级前不用the。例句They are happiest on Saturdays.他们在星期六最快乐。③如果两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词最高级前不加the。例句He is the youngest and tallest boy in his class.他是班上年龄最小、个子最高的男孩。④如果形容词最高级用来加强语气，作「十分，非常」之意时，前面不加the，但形容词最高级作单数名词的定语时，可用不定冠词a/an。例句It is a most beautiful picture.它是一张十分漂亮的画。⑤作宾语补足语的形容词最高级前不加the。例句I found it most difficult to get to sleep.我发现入睡最难.⑥在一些固定用法中，最高级前通常省略the。例句With best wishes for you.向你致以最美好的祝愿。心胸开朗，乐观愉快，吃也吃得下，睡也睡得着，Be broad-minded, optimistic and cheerful, and you will be able to eat with a good appetite and enjoy a sound sleep. 🎈要补充出中文句与句之间藏着的逻辑关系。此处Be broad-minded, optimistic and cheerful祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句。🎈「吃也吃得下，睡也睡得着」即「胃口好，睡得香」，故译为eat with a good appetite and enjoy a sound sleep。有问题则设法解决之，有困难则努力克服之，When you are faced with problems, try every means to solve them. When you meet with difficulties, do your best to overcome them.🎈「有问题」「有困难」即「遇到问题」「遇到困难」，译作be faced with、meet with即可。🎈注意动宾搭配问题，如：解决问题solve problems、克服困难overcome difficulties。决不视芝麻绿豆大的窘境如苏迷卢山般大，也决不毫无原则地随遇而安，决不玩世不恭。Neither fret over trifles, nor take an attitude of cynical indifference towards life. 🎈「决不视芝麻绿豆大的窘境如苏迷卢山般大」不宜按字而直译，今用意译法处理之：Never fret over (或 worry over) trifles（为……担忧、烦恼）。🎈「也决不毫无原则地随遇而安，决不玩世不恭」的译文把原作上下两句的意思合并在一起：nor take an attitude of cynical indifference towards life，其中cynical指「玩世不恭」，indifference指「对一切都不在乎」有这样的心境，焉能不健康长寿？That’s the way to be long-lived.🎈变反问句为陈述句。🎈long-lived属合成形容词，构词法为：形容词+现在/过去分词，E.g. easy-going随和的、 ready-made现成的。我现在还想补充一点，很重要的一点。根据我个人七八十年的经验，一个人决不能让自己的脑筋投闲置散，要经常让脑筋活动着。One more important point: According to my personal experience of the past eighty years or so, one should put his brain to frequent use instead of letting it stay idle.🎈「我现在还想补充一点，很重要的一点」译作One more important point:，更显简洁。🎈or so表示「大约、左右」之意。🎈辨析instead of 和rather than都有「而不是」的意思instead of：「代替，而不是」，重点词是of，它是介词，所以后接名词，代词和v-ing形式，尤其需注意的是动词该用动名词形式，即v-ingrather than：「（是……）而不是……」，它是连词，前后成分在形式上必须保持一致，所以后面的结构应该与前面一样，就有可能出现代词主格，动词的各种形式等，不一而足，但关键是要和与它对比的结构形式一致！例句I’ll go there instead of him.I rather than he（与I一致）will go there.Yesterday he walked here instead of driving here.Yesterday he walked here rather than drove（与walked一致）here.根据外国一些科学家实验结果，“用脑伤神”的旧说法已经不能成立，应改为“用脑长寿”。The result of experiments made by some foreign scientists has shown that frequent use of the brain leads to longevity instead of doing harm to it as people used to believe.🎈「根据外国一些科学家实验结果」即「外国一些科学家实验结果显示……」，现译为The result of experiments made by some foreign scientists has shown that…🎈…doing harm to it as people used to believe中，as引导方式状语从句，表示「按照、依照、像」，例如You must do the work as I have told you.。此外，as还可以引导定语从句，有“正如、正像”的意思，例如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
John, as you know, is a famous writer.
人的衰老主要是脑细胞的死亡。Man’s aging is mainly caused by the death of cerebral cells.🎈 is caused by是补充成分，使译文更合理。我们不能说「人的衰老is脑细胞的死亡」中老年人的脑细胞虽然天天死亡，但人一生中所启用的脑细胞只占细胞总量的四分之一，而且在活动的情况下，每天还有新的脑细胞产生。However, though the cerebral cells of middle-aged and elderly people keep dying every day, man uses up in his lifetime only one fourth of the total cerebral cells, and new cerebral cells will, under normal conditions, keep growing up daily.🎈「人一生中所启用的脑细胞只占细胞总量的四分之一」译作man uses up in his lifetime only one fourth of the total cerebral cells，其中use up表示「用尽、用光」。而原句中的「启用」其实就是「把这四分之一的脑细胞用到死」，故译use up而非use。只要脑筋的活动不停止，新生细胞比死亡细胞数目还要多。As long as you use your head regularly, dead cerebral cells will always be outnumbered by new ones.🎈outnumber中out-前缀构成动词表示「超过」「胜过」，比如outperform（比某人出色）、outspend（支出超过）勤于动脑筋，则能经常保持脑中血液的流通状态，而且能通过脑筋协调控制全身的功能。Regular use of the head will ensure the normal circulation of cerebral blood and our control of the whole bodily function through its coordination.🎈勤于动脑筋译为Regular use of the head，其中Regular一词和上文的「脑筋的活动不停止」use your head regularly对应。🎈「保持脑中血液的流通状态」即 「保证正常状态」（流通不畅则为异常），故译作ensure the normal circulation of cerebral blood。我过去经常说：“不要让脑筋闲着。”我就是这样做的，I used to urge, “Never have an idle head!” And I myself have acted accordingly.🎈过去经常…… used to do🎈对于文章有些地方，我个人倾向于选用brain一词。head指头、头颅，而brain侧重思维、脑力等。结果是有人说我“身轻如燕，健步如飞”。Some people have consequently saddled me with the epithets: “agile like a swallow” and “walking as if on wings.”🎈「结果是有人说我……」译为Some people have consequently saddled me with the epithets…，其中 to saddle one with…意即「把……强加给某人」，epithets作「表述词语」「称号」解。🎈身轻如燕agile like a swallow🎈健步如飞walking as if on wings这话有点过了头，反正我比同年龄人要好些，这都是真的。They are exaggerating to be sure, but it’s true that I’m in better health than people of the same age.🎈「比同年龄人要好些」即「身体状况（健康状态）要好些」，现译作in better health。🎈同龄人people of the same age。原来我并没有什么科学根据，只能算是一种朴素的直觉。The above has come of plain intuition, without any scientific basis.🎈出身于、由…引起、起源于come of 例句Recycling is an issue that has come of age in Britain in the last decade.回收利用是上个十年中被英国民众广泛认可的观念。🎈base和basis的区别base 当名词时更强物理意义的基础 同时可以当动词：以……为基础basis 更强调抽象意义的基础和原则，只能是名词。这就是我的“长寿之道”。So much for my “secret of longevity ”.🎈so much for的用法：
这个词组最原本的意义是“到此为止，不再多”。【例如】So much for today. 今天就讲到这里为止。词义进一步又朝着两个方向发展：
1. “某事到此为止讲过（处理过）了，（下面转入另一件事）”。【例如】So much for the producers, what of the consumers? 生产者讲过了，消费者又怎么的啦？
2. “某事物也就是这么一回事（不怎么的，没什么了不起）”。【例如】So much for his help! 他就是帮这样的忙！/ So much for their promises! 他们的诺言也就是这么一回事！/ So much for his learning. 他也就这一点学问。
🔥必背词汇profound adj.深刻的，深奥的，知识渊博的英义A profound idea, work, or person shows great intellectual depth and understanding.例句This is a book full of profound, original and challenging insights.这本书充满了深刻、新颖、令人深思的见解。initiate v.开始，创始，发起英义If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen.例句The trip was initiated by the manager of the community centre.这次旅行由社区活动中心的经理发起。overrate v.对…评价过高，高估英义If you say that something or someone is overrated, you mean that people have a higher opinion of them than they deserve.例句If you consider him a miracle man, you’re overrating him.如果你认为他能创造奇迹，那你是高估他了。choosy adj.挑剔的，过分讲究的英义Someone who is choosy is difficult to please because they will only accept something if it is exactly what they want or if it is of very high quality.例句Skiers should be particularly choosy about the insurance policy they buy.滑雪者在选择购买保险的问题上应该尤其慎重。🔥重点表达养生之术the way to keep fit或the way to keep in good health锻炼身体do physical exercise对酒当歌，人生几何？Cup to cup calls for song, Man’s life — how long?合计达，总计为add up to易于、倾向于 be apt to do利用这个机会/凭借这个优势 take this opportunity/advantage to梦想，渴望dream of心态不稳、精神失常be mentally unbalanced顺其自然 let things take their own course挑食be choosy about food如履薄冰as if treading on thin ice令人失笑evoke laughter from all以……结尾、告终end up in在我看来，我个人认为To my mind为……担忧、烦恼fret over 或worry over) trifles大约、左右 or so用尽、用光use up过去经常…… used to do身轻如燕agile like a swallow健步如飞walking as if on wings同龄人people of the same age……也就是这么一回事So much for…🔥复盘测试养生之术锻炼身体对酒当歌，人生几何？合计达，总计为易于、倾向于利用这个机会/凭借这个优势 梦想，渴望心态不稳、精神失常顺其自然挑食如履薄冰令人失笑以……结尾、告终在我看来，我个人认为为……担忧、烦恼大约、左右用尽、用光过去经常…… 身轻如燕健步如飞同龄人……也就是这么一回事🔥表达对比「顺其自然」有几种表达？反不如顺其自然为佳。He should learn to let things take their own course.永不期待，永不假设，永不强求。顺其自然，若是注定发生，必会如你所愿。Never expect, never assume, and never demand. Just let it be, because if it’s meant to be, it will happen the way you want it to.我现在不想谈结婚生仔，只想顺其自然发展这段感情。I don’t like to think about marriage and having kids right now, I just want us to go with the flow.
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