Enjoying the Moon叶圣陶Ye Shengtao🔥背景知识：叶圣陶（1894-1988），原名叶绍钧，江苏苏州人，为现代杰出文学家、教育家。《看月》一文于1933年9月1日发表在《中学生》杂志第37号上，当时他在上海开明书店做编辑工作，任该杂志主编。文章写景状物，风格严谨，抒情色彩浓厚，其结尾的处理，尤具匠心。🎈题目《看月》的内涵是「对月亮的喜爱」，作者所持态度是积极的。此题目可译为「The Moon」「Watching the Moon」「 Enjoying the Moonlight」等，现按其内涵选择「Enjoying the Moon」住在上海“弄堂房子”里的人对于月亮的圆缺隐现是不甚关心的。People living in the small alleyways of Shanghai pay little attention to the waxing and waning, or the visibility, of the moon.🎈「住在上海‘弄堂房子’里的人」译为 People living in the small alleyways of Shanghai，其中用small alleyways表达「弄堂房子」即可，无须把「房子」译出。又，此处「弄堂」也可译为small lanes或small alleys。🎈「圆缺隐现」意即「月圆月缺月隐月现」，故译为the waxing and waning, or the visibility of the moon。其中wax and wane是固定词组，英文释义为If something waxes and wanes, it first increases and then decreases over a period of time，「隐现」即disappearance or appearance，今以visibility一词表达即可。🎈「不甚关心」即不那么关心，故译为pay little attention to。🎈a little; little; a few; few这几组词的区别a little和little修饰不可数名词；a few和few修饰可数名词a little和a few表示肯定，有一些；little和few表示否定，几乎没有例句He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。所谓“天井”，不到一丈见方的面积。The so-called “courtyards” in their houses are generally smaller than three metres square.🎈「天井」是什么呢？可能有些北方的同学不甚清楚。那我们就来看一下天井的概念吧。天井是指宅院中房与房之间或房与围墙之间所围成的露天空地。即四面有房屋、三面有房屋另一面有围墙或两面有房屋另两面有围墙时中间的空地。故译为courtyards。没错，courtyard除了院子，还有天井的意思。🎈「一丈见方」即边长一丈的方形物体，此处需要换算：一丈为3.33米，因此「不到一丈见方」译为smaller than three meters square。至少十六支光的电灯每间里总得挂一盏。And each room is illuminated by an electric bulb of at least 16 watts.🎈「十六支光的电灯」意即「十六瓦的电灯」，故译为an electric bulb of at least 16 watts。🎈一个常见现象：英文常用被动，且善用无灵主语，中文常用主动。所以此处用了be illuminated by这一词组。环境限定，不容你有关心到月亮的便利。Such a living environment is of course inconvenient for you to enjoy the moonlight.🎈「关心到月亮的便利」意即「享受月亮」，故译为enjoy the moonlight。🎈译者在「环境」的译文中增译了living，强调的是居住环境living environment。走到路上，还没“断黑”已经一连串地亮了街灯。When you go out for a walk towards the evening, you’ll see street lamps lit up one after another though it is not yet quite dark.🎈「还没‘断黑’」即「天还没有完全黑」，故译为「it is not yet quite dark」「quite」在此处的意思是「完全，十分，非常」，相当于「completely」「absolutely」「entirely」。🎈「一连串地亮了街灯」，联系生活实际，路灯是不是一排一排亮起来的呢？故译为street lamps lit up one after another。此处lit是light的过去式，路灯是被点亮的。有月亮吧，就像多了一盏灯。没有月亮吧，犹如一盏街灯损坏了，没有亮起来。Moon or no moon simply means the appearance of one extra street lamp or that one of the street lamps has gone wrong and ceased to give out light.🎈虽然在原文中是两个以句号结尾的句子，但是我们在翻译时可以处理成一个句子。所以，在做翻译时，切记不要一拿到文章就开始翻译，先通读原文，理解意思，再做相关的翻译处理。🎈「有月亮」与「没有月亮」形成对比，因此就简要的通过moon or no moon来表达，简洁明了。🎈此处「多了一盏灯」即「出现了另一盏灯」，「出现appear」由动词转为名词the appearance of one extra street lamp。谁留意这些呢？Nobody cares.🎈原文虽是以问号结尾，但我们知道这并不是一个真正的问句，只是一个反问语气。译者采用「正说反译」的方法，「谁留意这些呢」意即「无人在乎」，故译为Nobody cares。去年夏天，我曾经说过不大听到蝉声，现在说起月亮，我又觉得许久不看见月亮了。Last summer, I complained that I could seldom hear the singing of cicadas. Now I’m sorry I haven’t seen the moon for a long time.🎈「我曾经说过不大听到蝉声」一句有「抱怨」的含义，故将「说」译为complain。虽无其词却有其意。🎈「我又觉得许久不看见月亮了」一句同样有「抱怨」的含义，故译为Now I’m sorry I haven’t seen the moon for a long time，其中用I’m sorry代替I realize。只记得某夜夜半醒来，对窗的收音机已经沉寂，隔壁的“麻将”也歇了手，各家的电灯都已熄灭，I remember how late one night I happened to wake up to find no more blaring of the radio from the window of the opposite house, no more clatter of next door’s mahjong tiles and that all lights in the neighborhood had been put out. 🎈「只记得某夜夜半醒来」译为「I remember how late one night I happened to wake up」，译者增译了「happen to」，表达了突然醒来的意思，文中虽无其词而有其意。🎈「隔壁的‘麻将’也歇了手」意即「隔壁人家的‘麻将’牌声」，故译the clatter of next door’s mahjong tiles，其中the clatter（咔哒声）和tiles（麻将牌）是增译成分，原文虽无其词而有其意。小伙伴们再读一读这句话，有没有发现什么奇怪的地方？是啦，这边next door作名词成分哦，意即「住在隔壁的人」(the person or people who live next door to you)。一道象牙色的光从南窗透进来，把窗棂印在我的被袱上。A creamy white ray of light streamed in through my southern window to cast the shadow of the window lattice on my quilt.🎈「窗棂」是中国传统木构建筑的框架结构设计，使窗成为传统建筑中最重要的构成要素之一，成为建筑的审美中心。有板棂窗、格扇、隔断、支摘窗、遮羞窗等，故译为window lattice。🎈stream除了小河，车流等意，当和灯light连用时，表达「照射」之意。例句Sunlight was streaming into the courtyard.阳光照到院子里。我略微感到惊异，随即想到原来是月亮光。好奇地要看看月亮本身，我向窗外望。I was somewhat surprised. Then, when it dawned on me that it was the moon, I immediately looked out of the window, curious to have a look at it.🎈「随即想到」意即「突然想到」，故译为when it dawned on me that…。但如果用常用的Suddenly I realized it was the moon，那么下面一句就要单成一句，没有参考译文简洁地道。🎈「好奇地要看看月亮本身，我向窗外望」一句中，译者做了语序的调整，「我向窗外望，好奇地想看看月亮本身」，故译为I immediately looked out of the window, curious to have a look at it.但是，一会儿月亮被云遮没了。But, unfortunately, it was soon hidden by clouds.🎈此句译文中，译者增译了unfortunately，原文虽无其词却有其意（这句话又出现咯，大家要好好体会一下呀~），表达了原作者的可惜之情。从北平来的人往往说在上海这地方怎么“呆”得住。People from Peiping often wonder why Shanghailanders should choose to live in such a lousy place.🎈「在上海这地方怎么‘呆’得住」的含义是「怎么愿意在上海这么一个糟糕的地方」，故译为why Shanghailanders should choose to live in such a lousy place，其中choose应作「愿意」解。又，「上海人」常译为Shanghainese，似欠妥，因Shanghai的最后字母不是n，还是沿袭过去的译法Shanghailander为妥。🎈Such+a/an+adj.+n. =so adj + a/an+ n. 例句such a lousy place= so lousy a place一切都这样紧张。空气是这样龌龊。走出去很难得看见树木。诸如此类，他们可以举出一大堆。They say life here is so full of tension, the air so foul, and trees so scarce, and so on and so forth.🎈「一切都这样紧张」是「北平来的人」的看法，故译为They say life here is so full of tension，其中They say是增译成分，有助于读者理解这是「北平来的人」所认为的。🎈此句中出现的语法现象是省略。接下来我们回顾一下并列句的省略现象。1）如果并列句中的左右两个分句主语不同，但是有相同的be动词，那么可以省略连词和后一个分词的be动词。例句Falling hips can be replaced, (and) clinical depression (can be) controlled, (and) cataracts (can be) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. 髋骨坏了可以更换，临床的忧郁症可以得到控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术就能治好。2）如果并列句中左右两个分句出现重复的部分，那么后一个分局可以省略重复的部分，但是没重复的部分可以保留。例句Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know (that smoking would kill us) for sure?你还记得那些年科学家说吸烟会致命，但怀疑者坚持说我们并不确定吸烟是否真的会致命吗？3）在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句相同的成分例句Tom picked up a coin in the road and (Tom) handed it to a policeman汤姆在马路边上拾起了一枚硬币并把它交给了警察。补充并列连接词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both… and…, neither…nor…, either… or…, not only…but (also)…, rather than…, as…as等以及从属连接词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。1）所连接的谓语形式必须一致例句He went shopping, bought some gifts and visited his old friend.2）所连接的词或短语形式必须一致例句We often go fishing as well as swimming.3)连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致例句People find eating vegetables more healthy than fasting.4）所连接的句子结构必须一致例句My girlfriend is pleased with what I have said and all that I have done. 我想，月亮仿佛失掉了这一点，也该列入他们认为上海“呆”不住的理由吧。I wonder if the apparent loss of moonlight might as well be listed among their reasons for staying away from this city.🎈「月亮仿佛失掉了这一点」便是「他们认为上海‘呆’不住」的理由，因此整合成一句，将中文中动词「失掉」转变为英文名词loss。词性转换也是翻译中常用到的小技巧，小伙伴们可以体会一下，在平常的阅读以及练习中也可以留意一下~假若如此，我倒并不同意。在生活的诸般条件里列入必须看月亮一项，那是没有理由的。But I would think otherwise, for it doesn’t make sense to call enjoyment of moonlight one of the requisites of life.🎈译者将这两句话变成一句了，因为它们是有联系的，「我不同意的原因是没有理由将必须看月亮列入生活的条件里」，所以译者选择了连接词for。🎈表「原因」的连词以及他们的区别1) in that（因为）+从句例句This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是有关化学的，那本是有关历史的。2) since（既然）语气较弱，强调已知的事实。例句Since you can’t answer this question, I’ll ask someone else.既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。3) for （因为），并列连词，表推断，或对前一分句补充说明理由。例句It must be morning for the birds are singing.一定是早晨了，因为鸟在叫。4) because 通常表示直接的原因，引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由，表示按因果关系的推断，语气很强，用来回答why的问题，一般位于主句之后。例句We couldn’t go out because it was too cold.因为天气太冷了，我们不能出去。5) because of+名词词组例句We couldn’t go out because of the bad weather.因为天气太糟糕了，我们不能出去。6) now that （既然）同since相似，语气较弱，强调人们已知的事实。例句Now that you are busy, let me do it for you.既然你忙，就让我给你做吧。7) as（因为，由于），语气比because弱，所引导的从句表示的是不言而喻、显而易见的原因和理由，其从句一般放在主句前。例句As it was late, we came back soon.由于时间很晚了，我们很快就回来。🎈「看月亮」当然不是简简单单的盯着月亮看啦，要补充成「赏月」的含义，故译为enjoyment of moonlight。清旷的襟怀和高远的想象力未必定须由对月而养成。Open heart and wide vision do not necessarily come of watching the moon.🎈「清旷的襟怀」即「开阔的胸怀」，故译为open heart。把仰望的双眼移到地面，同样可以收到修养上的效益，而且更见切实。The same can be achieved in self-cultivation, and that in a more practical way, by looking earthward instead of skyward.🎈「把仰望的双眼移到地面」未按字面直译，现译为by looking earthward instead of skyward，简洁明了，且略带俏皮。Q：何为「修养上的收益」？🎈联系上文可知，此处收益当然不是指的钱，而是「清旷的襟怀和高远的想象力」，为了避免重复，做到简洁，便用“the same”来代替。可是我并非反对看月亮，只是说即使不看也没有什么关系罢了。Nevertheless, I’m not opposed to watching the moon. I only mean it doesn’t matter at all if you see no moon.🎈「反对看月亮」be opposed to watching the moon反对做某事 be opposed to doing sth.最好的月色我也曾看过。那时在福州的乡下，地当闽江一折的那个角上。The moonlight I once enjoyed watching in the suburbs of Fuzhou, round a bend of the Min River, was the best I have ever seen.🎈这两句都是在讲我看过的最好的月色，所以就将月色的地理位置作为后置定语修饰月色moonlight，简洁明了。有同学可能会觉得这句话犯了头重脚轻的毛病了，个人认为译者这样处理的原因是上文也在讲月色，因此主语由月色moonlight承担，由旧信息引出新信息。此句结构为The moonlight 【I once enjoyed watching in the suburbs of Fuzhou, round a bend of the Min River,】 was the best I have ever seen. 【…】中省略了which/that，完整形式应为that/ which I once enjoyed watching in the suburbs of Fuzhou, round a bend of the Min River。round a bend of the Min River为地点状语，修饰福州乡下的那个地方。某夜，靠着楼栏直望。闽江正在上潮，受着月光，成为水银的洪流。Over there, one night as I leaned on an upstairs railing and gazed into the distance, I was amazed to see the surging tidal water in the River sparkling like silver in the moonlight.🎈细读这两句，我们发现添加主语I、时间状语as，再调整一下语序，就可以变成一句话，以达到地道简洁的目的。🎈「上潮」即「上涨的潮水」，想想钱塘江大潮就会明白啦，故译为surging tidal water，此处surge非常好用，在表达上升（尤其是快速上升）概念时，我们都可以使用该词。还有一个同样表示上升的skyrocket也很好用，可以记下来哦~江岸诸山略微笼罩着雾气，好像不是平日看惯的那几座山了。The mountains along the river banks, enveloped in a thin mist, appeared quite different from what we had been accustomed to see.🎈「江岸诸山略微笼罩着雾气」即「江边的山被薄雾笼罩着」，故译为The mountains along the river banks were enveloped in a thin mist。而将整句话缩句一下就是「山不是山」，所以「被薄雾笼罩着」就变成后置定语修饰「江岸诸山」了。月亮高高停在天空，非常舒泰的样子。The moon was hanging leisurely high up in the sky.🎈「非常舒坦」该词修饰「停」这个动作，所以译为hang leisurely。我们对于汉译英中出现的这种情况可能会好理解一点，但是英译汉中，如果在句中遇到一个副词，尤其是较长的副词，翻译不通顺时，就可以考虑一下是否要将其拎出来，处理成一个小短句。从江岸直到我的楼下是一大片沙坪，月光照着，茫然一白，但带点儿青的意味。A wide sandy beach lay stretching all the way from the riverside to where I lived, showing a vast expanse of white in the moonlight, with slight undertones of green.🎈遇到长句子，不要慌，读懂意思再落笔，读不懂的话就多读几遍哈哈。首先拎出主要的描写对象「一大片沙坪」，然后找谓语动词「是」，再逐步加上宾语、定语等成分。🎈「茫然一白」即「一大片白」，译为a vast expanse of white。并且「茫然一片」的逻辑主语为沙滩，所以采用ing，而非ed形式。不知什么地方送来晚香玉的香气。Suddenly the sweet fragrance of tuberoses wafted up from somewhere.🎈「不知什么地方送来晚香玉的香气」即「晚香玉的香气从哪里飘了过来」。waft up from 飘上来也许是月亮的香气吧，我这么想。It might be the sweet fragrance of the moon, I thought.🎈根据上文晚香玉的香气可知，月亮的香气也会是「甜甜的」，故增译sweet一词。我心中不起一切杂念，大约历一刻钟之久，才回转身来。看见蛎粉墙上印着我的身影，我于是重又意识到了我。I stood lost in reverie. It was not until fifteen minutes later that, turning round to see my own shadow on the plaster wall, I finally returned to my old self.🎈「我心中不起一切杂念」意即「我看的出神，觉得那香气似乎来自月亮」，此处不宜直译，所以意译为I stood lost in reverie。🎈「重又意识到了我」意即「意识到了原来的我」，故译为returned to my old self。🎈关于not until的知识1）until和not until的区别until：做某事直到某时，动词必须是延续性not until：直到某时才做某事，动词为延续性或非延续性。例句Wait until I call you. 等着我叫你。She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock. 她直到6点才到。2）Not until 在句首，主句倒装。例句Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat it. 直到19世纪初，人类才知道什么是热能。3）It is/was not until that 强调句例句It was not until I began to work that I knew how much I had wasted.直到我开始工作，我才意识到我已经蹉跎了多少岁月。那样的月色如果能得再看几回，自然是愉悦的事，虽然前面我说过“即使不看也没有什么关系”。Of course it will bring me great pleasure to see the same brilliant moonlight a few more times even though I’ve said, “It doesn’t matter at all if you see no moon.”🎈「那样的月色」意即「那样明亮、美好的月色」，故译为the same brilliant moonlight。🔥必背词汇wax and wane 兴衰，荣枯英义to increase and decrease over time例句Interest in the show has waxed and waned.人们对这个节目的兴趣已经过了。blare v. （使）刺耳地大声鸣响英义to make a very loud unpleasant noise例句Horns blared in the street outside.外面街道上汽车喇叭发出刺耳的鸣响。cast v. 投射(光、影子等)英义to make light, a shadow, etc. appear in a particular place例句The setting sun cast an orange glow over the mountains. 橘红色的夕阳辉映着群山。 lattice adj. 格子木架，格子金属架，格栅(用作篱笆等)；斜条结构英义a structure that is made of strips of wood or metal that cross over each other with spaces shaped like a diamond between them, used, for example, as a fence; any structure or pattern like this 例句a low wall of stone lattice work 石砌格构的矮墙 lousy adj. 非常糟糕的英义especially spoken of very bad quality例句What lousy weather!多么糟糕的天气！requisite adj. 需要的，必要的英义needed for a particular purpose例句He lacks the requisite qualifications.他缺少必要的资历。bend n. (尤指道路或河流的)拐弯，弯道英义a curve or turn, especially in a road or river例句a sharp bend in the road 道路的急拐弯surge v. （大量液体）汹涌;（电流）浪涌;（化学品等）突然涌动英义usually + adv / prep if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly例句A wave surged up towards them.一个浪头向他们涌来。sparkling adj. 闪亮的，闪光的英义shining brightly with points of flashing light例句a sparkling blue lake波光粼粼、湛蓝的湖水undertone n. 蕴涵的感情(或特质、意思)；寓意；弦外之音英义a feeling, quality or meaning that is not expressed directly but is still noticeable from what sb says or does 近义词undercurrent 例句His soft words contained an undertone of warning. 他温和的话中蕴涵着警告之意。 waft v. (随风)飘荡；使飘荡；吹拂英义move, or make sth move, gently through the air 例句The sound of their voices wafted across the lake. 他们的声音飘过湖面传到了另一边。 reverie n. 幻想，白日梦，梦想英义a state of thinking about pleasant things, almost as though you are dreaming 近义词daydream 例句She was jolted out of her reverie as the door opened. 门一开就把她从幻想中惊醒。🔥重点词组住在上海“弄堂”房子里的人 people living in the small alleyways of Shanghai 圆缺 wax and wane不甚关心 pay little attention to蝉声 the singing of cicadas没有亮起来 cease to give out light麻将 mahjong tiles 一束象牙色的光 a creamy white ray of light从南窗透过来 stream through the southern window把窗棂印在我的被袱上 cast the shadow of the window lattice on my quilt某人突然想起 it dawns on sb.住在一个糟糕的地方 live in a lousy place十分紧张 be full of intension生活的必要条件 the requisites of life诸如此类 so on and so forth 上潮 the surging tidal water清旷的襟怀和高远的想象力 open heart and wide vision更见切实 in a mort practical way皎洁的月光 brilliant moonlight靠着栏杆直望 lean on an upstairs railing and gaze into the distance略微笼罩着雾气 envelop in a thin mist习惯于做某事 be accustomed to do sth.舒泰地高悬在天空 hang leisurely high up in the sky 白茫一片 a vast expanse of white 带点青 slight undertones of green心中不起任何杂念 stand lost in reverie🔥复盘测试住在上海“弄堂”房子里的人圆缺不甚关心蝉声没有亮起来麻将一束象牙色的光从南窗透过来把窗棂印在我的被袱上某人突然想起住在一个糟糕的地方十分紧张生活的必要条件诸如此类上潮清旷的襟怀和高远的想象力更见切实 皎洁的月光靠着栏杆直望略微笼罩着雾气习惯于做某事 舒泰地高悬在天空 白茫一片 带点青 心中不起任何杂念🔥表达对比「看月亮」有几种表达去年夏天，我曾经说过不大听到蝉声，现在说起月亮，我又觉得许久不看见月亮了。Last summer, I complained that I could seldom hear the singing of cicadas. Now I’m sorry I haven’t seen the moon for a long time.我略微感到惊异，随即想到原来是月亮光。好奇地要看看月亮本身，我向窗外望。I was somewhat surprised. Then, when it dawned on me that it was the moon, I immediately looked out of the window, curious to have a look at it.假若如此，我倒并不同意。在生活的诸般条件里列入必须看月亮一项，那是没有理由的。But I would think otherwise, for it doesn’t make sense to call enjoyment of moonlight one of the requisites of life.可是我并非反对看月亮，只是说即使不看也没有什么关系罢了。Nevertheless, I’m not opposed to watching the moon. I only mean it doesn’t matter at all if you see no moon.那样的月色如果能得再看几回，自然是愉悦的事，虽然前面我说过“即使不看也没有什么关系”。Of course it will bring me great pleasure to see the same brilliant moonlight a few more times even though I’ve said, “It doesn’t matter at all if you see no moon.”
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叶圣陶《我和商务印书馆》 
爱是一颗心遇到另一颗心（出处+配图） 
